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. 2022 Mar 2;23(5):2745. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052745

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Therapeutic agent delivery by MSC to the tumor site. Mechanisms of small-molecule anticancer agent loading into MSC: 1. Simple diffusion; 2. Endocytosis; 3. Transporters: hCNT1, hENT1. MSC produce vesicles that contain small-molecule anticancer agents. The presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) between MSCs and cancer cells suggests that the small-molecule anticancer agent can be delivered to cancer cells in a vesicular system [84].