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. 2022 Mar 1;11(5):1358. doi: 10.3390/jcm11051358

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The retinoid cycle. Reproduced with permission from Lamb et al. 2004 [3]. represents important steps, enzymes and chaperon proteins comprising the retinoid cycle. (1) Photoactivation; The 11-cis retinal isomerized to the all-trans-retinal [(=Rh*) represents activated rhodopsin after absorption of photon] (4) reduction of aldehyde, (7) transport of all trans retinol across photoreceptor plasma membrane and the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) to RPE cell chaperoned by Inter-photoreceptor retinol binding protein (IRBP); (9) Isomerization from the all-trans to the 11-cis form, (10) oxidation of 11-cis retinol to 11-cis retinal and its delivery to opsin in the photoreceptor outer segments across the IPM.