Figure 3. Noninvasive Diagnosis of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women.

Schematic of the ischemic cascade, a sequence of pathophysiologic events associated with CAD, and noninvasive multimodality imaging approaches for the evaluation of IHD in women. Anatomy-based (CCTA) and quantitative functional (CFR) imaging probes earlier events in the cascade than dose conventional testing, and as such may be especially useful in the evaluation of women. CCTA, coronary computed tomography angiography; CFR, coronary flow reserve; MPI, myocardial perfusion imaging; SE, stress echocardiography; ETT, exercise treadmill testing. Adapted from Taqueti VR et al⁸¹ with permission.