Table 4.
Associations between different treatment forms and patients’ characteristics.
| All Painkillers n (%) |
OTC NSAIDs n (%) |
Prescription Painkillers n (%) |
Topical NSAIDs n (%) |
Opioid n (%) |
Non-Pharma n (%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender a | p = 0.186 | p = 0.443 | p = 0.662 | p = 0.649 | p = 0.070 | p < 0.001 |
| Men | 24 (42.9) | 11 (19.6) | 20 (35.7) | 15 (26.8) | 2 (3.6) | 27 (48.2) |
| Women | 71 (53.4) | 33 (24.8) | 52 (39.1) | 40 (30.1) | 16 (12.0) | 97 (72.9) |
| Age group a | p = 0.609 | p = 0.256 | p = 0.181 | p = 0.098 | p = 0.673 | p = 0.160 |
| <65 years | 31 (47.7) | 12 (18.5) | 29 (44.6) | 51 (78.5) | 7 (10.8) | 47 (72.3) |
| ≥65 years | 64 (51.6) | 32 (25.8) | 43 (34.7) | 83 (66.9) | 11 (8.9) | 77 (62.1) |
| Level of education a | p = 0.368 | p = 0.385 | p = 0.213 | p = 0.251 | p = 0.949 | p = 0.086 |
| Low | 46 (56.1) | 23 (28.0) | 37 (45.1) | 29 (35.4) | 8 (9.8) | 47 (57.3) |
| Middle | 32 (46.4) | 13 (18.8) | 22 (31.9) | 17 (24.6) | 6 (8.7) | 48 (69.6) |
| High | 17 (44.7) | 8 (21.1) | 13 (34.2) | 9 (23.7) | 4 (10.5) | 29 (76.3) |
| Job profile a | p = 0.016 | p = 0.011 | p = 0.225 | p = 0.030 | p = 0.171 | p = 0.615 |
| Manual | 57 (58.8) | 30 (30.9) | 41 (42.3) | 35 (36.1) | 12 (12.4) | 62 (63.9) |
| Non-manual | 38 (41.3) | 14 (15.2) | 31 (33.7) | 20 (21.7) | 6 (6.5) | 62 (67.4) |
| Affected joint a | p = 0.007 | p = 0.625 | p = 0.558 | p = 0.013 | p = 0.539 | p = 0.101 |
| Hip | 37 (40.2) | 20 (21.7) | 37 (40.2) | 19 (20.7) | 8 (8.2) | 55 (59.8) |
| Knee | 58 (59.8) | 24 (24.7) | 35 (36.1) | 36 (37.1) | 10 (10.9) | 69 (71.1) |
| BMI categories a | p = 0.955 | p = 0.056 | p = 0.854 | p = 0.034 | p = 0.280 | p = 0.104 |
| 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 14 (51.9) | 11 (40.7) | 10 (35.7) | 4 (14.8) | 2 (7.4) | 21 (75.0) |
| 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 26 (49.1) | 9 (17.0) | 19 (35.8) | 22 (41.5) | 8 (15.1) | 39 (73.6) |
| ≥30.0 kg/m2 | 55 (51.4) | 24 (22.4) | 43 (39.8) | 29 (27.1) | 8 (7.5) | 64 (59.3) |
| WOMAC total score b | p = 0.531 | p = 0.077 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.351 | p = 0.041 | p = 0.086 |
| Users | 148.00 ± 42.39 | 156.20 ± 44.17 | 160.72 ± 37.70 | 150.65 ± 36.69 | 166.00 ± 31.55 | 149.96 ± 43.39 |
| Non-users | 144.01 ± 45.03 | 142.92 ± 43.17 | 136.97 ± 44.74 | 144.11 ± 46.20 | 143.91 ± 44.28 | 138.49 ± 43.52 |
p values: a results of chi-square tests; b results of one-way ANOVA, comparing users of a given treatment with non-users. Non-pharma: non-pharmacological methods, BMI: body mass index, WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.