Table 1.
General characteristics at baseline visits by grades of chronic kidney disease.
| CKD Grade | 1–2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 327 | 204 | 70 | 49 | |
| Age (years) | 67 (10) | 75 (13) | 76 (10) | 81 (22) | <0.001 |
| Time of diabetes (years) | 14 (10) | 15 (10) | 17 (12) | 14 (4) | <0.001 |
| Gender (Male/Female) (%) | 61.8/38.2 | 61.6/38.2 | 55.7/44.3 | 61.3/38.8 | 0.812 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 (6.8) | 30.5 (6.6) | 30.3 (7.6) | 23.4 (4) | 0.045 |
| Smokers/former smokers (%) | 24.8/34.5 | 15.2/39.2 | 4.3/45.7 | 4.1/36.7 | <0.001 |
| HBP (%) | 69.4 | 98.5 | 95.7 | 100 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive treatment ACEi/ARB/ACEi + ARB % |
32.7/39.7/3.1 | 35.3/45.6/2.9 | 11.4/41.4/5.7 | 14.3/49/0 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular events history (%) | 31.5 | 46.1 | 60 | 48.9 | <0.001 |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 12.8 | 26.5 | 34.3 | 28.6 | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 9.5 | 11.3 | 37.1 | 10.2 | 0.822 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 14.7 | 23 | 12.9 | 22.5 | 0.019 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 17.1 | 27.9 | 34.3 | 63.3 | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering therapy (statin %) | 71.8 | 80.9 | 85.7 | 85.7 | 0.002 |
| Antidiabetic treatment (%) | |||||
| Oral agents/insulin/combined | 59.3/6.1/33.9 | 43.1/28.4/26.9 | 7.3/58.6/20 | 8.1/79.6/6.1 | <0.001 |
| iDPP4/SGLT2i/GLP1-RA | 7.6/0.3/0.9 | 1.9/0.5/0.5 | 1.4/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0.808 |
| eGFR (mL/min 71.73 m2) | 82.2 (24.1) | 42.8 (13.2) | 23.5 (19.6) | 9.14 (3.75) | <0.001 |
| Urinary albumin/creatinine (mg/g) | 9.5 (53.3) | 85.8 (434) | 465 (1574.7) | 1158 (3210.8) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 60.1 (17.9) | 60.6 (19.6) | 59.1 (19.6) | 53 (13) | 0.004 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||||
| Total | 173 (45) | 165 (49) | 165.5 (54) | 143 (42) | <0.001 |
| LDL | 96 (36.5) | 87 (36) | 91 (42) | 71 (35) | <0.001 |
| HDL | 45 (14) | 45.2 (19) | 42 (19) | 43 (13) | 0.665 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 129 (91.7) | 144 (86) | 141 (93) | 125 (60) | 0.072 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.4 (1.9) | 6.6 (1.7) | 7 (1.9) | 6 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 13.6 (2.1) | 12.6 (1.88) | 11.5 (1.45) | 12.1 (2) | <0.001 |