Table 11.

Various SLNs formulations and their intervention in the treatment or management of breast cancer.

Cytotoxic Agents	Method of Preparation	Interventions	Reference
Silymarin	Hot homogenization method	Reduced A549 and MCF-7 cell proliferation induced apoptosis in both cells and increased bioavailability. In mammary carcinogenesis	[132]
Chitosan encapsulating Docetaxel	Hot homogenization method	Particle size was increased from 143 ± 2.5–225 nm ± 3.6, and the surface charge was reversed from 35 ± 3.3 to 25 mV± 2.1. Slower drug release, increased cytotoxicity in vitro, and tumor inhibition	[133]
Letrozole (Folic acid targeted)	Solvent emulsification evaporation	Enhanced biocompatibility and triggering apoptosis in a threat manner with low systemic adverse effects. In hormone-dependent breast cancer	[134]
Tamoxifen citrate (Transferrin targeted)	Hot emulsification method	Tamoxifen citrate increased targeting affinity towards breast cancer cells MCF-7 substantiated the developed SLN’s potential for breast cancer treatment. In ER+ breast cancers	[135]
Docetaxel	High-energy method	PS and PDI were 128 nm and 0.2 with a negative zeta potential with 86% encapsulation, 2% drug loading, and a regulated drug-release profile. In vivo investigations revealed that SLN-DTX had a greater anticancer activity by decreasing tumor volume. In Metastatic breast cancer	[136]
Docetaxel palmitate (DTX-PL)	Micro-emulsification technique	Oral bioavailability is improved, with a long biological half-life. The increased cytotoxicity in MDR cancer cells supports the promise of the novel lipophilic compound, which has improved the drug’s overall performance. In TNBC	[137]
Gefitinib	Modified hot homogenization method	SLNs were nanosized (90 percent) within 72 h, according to SEM images. The Higuchi model matches the kinetic analyses of GFT-SLNs (R2 = 0.935). The Higuchi model matches the kinetic analyses of GFT-SLNs (R2 = 0.935). In vitro assays of SLN showed significantly stronger antitumor activity (cell survival >65%) than free drug (p < 0.05). It has a high antitumor activity as well as improved drug dispersion in tissues.	[138]
Annona muricata fruit extract	High-pressure homogenization followed by ultrasonication method.	PS and percent EE were reported to be 134.8 nm and 83.26%, with a CDR of 79.83% after 48 h. It had an apoptotic impact and was more effective in killing MCF7 cancer cells.	[139]
Doxorubicin An arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) tripeptide modified, pH-sensitive (RGD-DOX-SLNs)	Emulsification and low-temperature solidification method	AUC –time curve was 5.58 times higher. T1/2 and Cmax were 10.85 h and 39.12 L/kg/h. in vitro and in vivo revealed that RGD-DOX-SLNs could be a potential new lipid carrier that might enhance breast cancer therapy. In Metastatic breast cancer	[140]
Curcumin	Emulsification evaporation-low temperature solidification method	Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency in SLNs were 23.38% and 72.47%. Greater cytotoxicity against SKBR3 cells. In an in vitro cellular uptake study, it found to have good absorption efficiency by SKBR3 cells. Cur-SLNs also produced higher apoptosis in SKBR3 cells. Decreased the manifestation of cyclin D1 and CDK4. These data suggest that Cur-SLNs might be a promising chemotherapeutic formulation for breast cancer therapy.	[141]
Pomegranate extract	Hot homogenization followed by the ultra-sonication technique	Improves bioefficacy, especially in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, where the IC50 was lowered by 47-fold from 49.2 to 1.05 g/mL and it has cytotoxicity in cancer cells vs normal cells Pomegranate extract has promising agent, especially for breast cancer. In Metastatic breast cancer	[142]
Talazoparib	Hot homogenization method	Talazoparib SLNs are more effective than talazoparib at suppressing MDR1, BCRP, and MRP1 genes and protein expression levels. Reverse MDR-mediated resistance in TNBC.	[143]
Resveratrol	Emulsification and low-temperature solidification method.	Res-SLNs were shown to be more effective at stopping MDA-MB-231 cells from proliferating andhad a considerably higher inhibitory impact on MDA-MB-231 cell invasion and migration. Res-SLNs increased the ratio Bax/Bcl-2 but lowered the expression of cyclinD1 and c-Myc, according to Western blot examination. Res–SLN has a lot of potential as a breast cancer therapy.	[131]