Table 1.
Summary of the results.
| Study | Design | Subject | LS | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kasukawa et al., 2020 [16] | Cross-sectional study | 253 healthy volunteers (118 men, 135 women), age 60–88 years | Loco-Check | Low back pain |
| Sasaki et al., 2013 [17] | Cross-sectional study | 727 healthy volunteers (264 men, 463 women), age 56.6 ± 13.6 (21–87) years | Loco-Check | Low back pain |
| Iizuka et al., 2015 [18] | Cross-sectional study | 287 healthy volunteers (100 men, 187 women), age 64.7 ± 11.2 (40–89) years | GLFS-25 | Low back pain |
| Taniguchi et al., 2021 [19] | Cross-sectional study | 2077 healthy volunteers (730 men, 1347 women), age 68.3 ± 5.4 (30–74) years | GLFS-25 | Low back pain |
| Muramoto et al., 2012 [20] | Cross-sectional study | 358 healthy volunteers (128 men, 230 women), age 66.0 ± 10.0 (40–91) years | GLFS-25 | Low back pain |
| Muramoto et al., 2013 [21] | Cross-sectional study | 406 healthy volunteers (167 men, 239 women), age 68.8 ± 6.7 (60–88) years | GLFS-25 | Low back pain |
| Muramoto et al., 2014 [22] | Cross-sectional study | 217 healthy volunteers (217 women), age 68.2 ± 5.0 (60–79) years | GLFS-25 | Low back pain |
| Muramoto et al., 2016 [23] | Cross-sectional study | 125 healthy volunteers (125 women), age 66.2 ± 9.7 (40–88) years | GLFS-25 | Low back pain, sagittal spinopelvic alignment |
| Matsumoto et al., 2016 [24] | Cross-sectional study | 223 healthy volunteers (82 men, 141 women), age 73.6 ± 8.3 years | GLFS-5 | Low back pain, lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Fujita et al., 2019 [25] | Cross-sectional study | 357 patients scheduled to undergo primary surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis (201 men, 156 women), 73.3 ± 5.5 years |
Two-Step Test | Low back pain, sagittal spinopelvic alignment, lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Imagama 2017 [26] | Cross-sectional study | 523 healthy volunteers (240 men, 283 women), age 63.3 ± 10.0 years | Total assessment | Low back pain |
| Nishimura 2020 [27] | Cross-sectional study | 715 workers (579 men, 136 women), age 44.6 ± 10.0 (18–64) years | Total assessment | Low back pain |
| Chiba et al., 2016 [28] | Cross-sectional study | 647 healthy volunteers (247 men, 400 women), age 58.4 ± 11.0 years | GLFS-25 | Vertebral fracture, lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Machino et al., 2020 [29] | Cross-sectional study | 211 healthy volunteers (89 men, 122 women), age 64.0 ± 10.1 years | GLFS-25 | Sagittal spinopelvic alignment |
| Machino et al., 2020 [30] | Cross-sectional study | 448 healthy volunteers (184 men, 264 women), age 62.7 years | GLFS-25 | Sagittal spinopelvic alignment |
| Hirano et al., 2012 [31] | Cross-sectional study | 386 healthy volunteers (131 men, 233 women), age 67.6 ± 8.7 (50–91) years | Loco-Check | Sagittal spinopelvic alignment |
| Hirano et al., 2012 [32] | Cross-sectional study | 135 healthy volunteers (54 men, 81 women), 76.5 ± 4.7 (70–90) years | Loco-Check | Sagittal spinopelvic alignment |
| Hirano et al., 2013 [33] | Cross-sectional study | 187 healthy volunteers (187 women), age 68.0 ± 8.3 years | Loco-Check | Sagittal spinopelvic alignment |
| Hirano et al., 2012 [34] | Cross-sectional study | 105 healthy volunteers (105 men), age 69.5 ± 8.2 (50–90) years | Loco-Check | Sagittal spinopelvic alignment |
| Ohba et al., 2021 [35] | Retrospective cohort study | 40 patients with a diagnosis of adult spinal deformity who underwent spinal surgery (3 men, 37 women), age 72.6 ± 5.9 years | GLFS-25 | Sagittal spinopelvic alignment |
| Shigematsu et al., 2019 [36] | Case–control study | 28 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who underwent spinal surgery (15 men, 13 women), age 73.7 ± 5.6 years 46 elderly persons (16 men, 30 women), age 73.9 ± 5.4 years |
Loco-Check | Lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Araki et al., 2021 [37] | Cross-sectional study | 82 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who underwent decompression surgery (47 men, 35 women), age 73.4 ± 8.4 years | GLFS-25 | Lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Fujita et al., 2019 [38] | Cross-sectional study | 200 patients scheduled to undergo primary surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis (120 men, 80 women), age 73.2 years |
Total assessment | Lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Shimizu et al., 2021 [39] | Prospective cohort study | 101 patients scheduled to undergo primary surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis (46 men, 55 women), age 69.3 ± 8.1 years |
Total assessment | Surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Kato et al., 2020 [40] | Prospective cohort study | 257 patients who underwent surgery for degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine (209 men, 48 women), age 71.5 ± 6.9 years | Total assessment | Surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Fujita et al., 2020 [41] | Prospective cohort study | 166 patients scheduled to undergo primary surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis (95 men, 71 women), age 72.8 ± 5.5 years | Total assessment | Surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis |
LS: locomotive syndrome; GLFS-25: the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale; GLFS-5: the 5-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale.