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. 2022 Feb 22;27(5):1481. doi: 10.3390/molecules27051481

Table 1.

Isolated active compounds from secondary plant metabolites.

No. Active Compound Structure Categories Source Experiment Model Therapeutic Target Ref.
1. β-carbolines graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i001.jpg Alkaloid Arenaria kansuensis In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: A549, RAW264 Inhibiting NF-κB/p65 and EMT transition [153]
2. Coelonin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i002.jpg Dihydrophenanthrene Bletilla striata In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats Anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic [154]
3. Celastrol graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i003.jpg Triterpenoid Tripterygium wilfordii and Celastrus regelii. In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats; in vitro: A549 cells TGF-β1/Smad2/3-mediated inhibition of EMT [155]
4. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG) graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i004.jpg Triterpenoid saponin glycoside Glycyrrhiza glabra In vivo: radiation-induced PF mice; in vitro: human fetal lung fibroblasts-1 (HFL1) Inhibiting fibroblast differentiation via p38MAPK/Akt/Nox4 pathway [156]
5. Alpha-mangostin (α-MG) graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i005.jpg Xanthone Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: mouse primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs) Inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase [157]
6. Gambogic acid graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i006.jpg Xanthonoid Garcinia hanburyi In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats. In vitro: HLF-1, HPMECs, and A549 cells Reversing EMT and suppress TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway [158]
7. Salvianolic acid B (SAB) graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i007.jpg Polyphenol Salviae miltiorrhiza In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, MRC-5 fibroblasts, A549 cells Inhibiting TGF-β signaling [159]
8. Curcumin and curcumol graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i008.jpg Curcuminoid Rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria in vitro: human lung fibroblast (HLF) Inhibiting collagen deposition via autophagy mechanism [160]
9. Polydatin (PD) graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i009.jpg Resveratrol glucoside Polygonum cuspidatum In vivo: MP-induced PF mice; in vitro: BEAS-2B cells NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway [161]
10. Gentiopicroside(GPS) graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i010.jpg Secoiridoid glycoside Gentianascabra, Gentiana lutea In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: A549 cells Anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic via TGF-β-1 [162]
11. Dioscin (Dio) graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i011.jpg Steroidal saponin Dioscorea nipponica Makino In vivo: silica-induced PF mice; in vitro: RAW264.7 cell line, NIH-3T3 cell line Inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines through ASK-1-p38/JNK signaling [163]
12. β-sitosterol graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i012.jpg Phytosterols stigma and style of maize (Zea mays) In vitro: human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells, A549. Suppression of EMT via the TGF-β1/Snail pathway [164]
13. Asiatic Acid graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i013.jpg Triterpenoid Centella Asiatica In vivo: BLM-induced mice Anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic [165]
14. Andrographolide graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i014.jpg labdane diterpenoid lactone Andrographis paniculata In vivo: silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice Anti-inflammatory and EMT transition [166]
15. zingerone (vanillylacetone) graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i015.jpg Ketone Zingiber officinale In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats Inhibiting NF-κB and MAPKs [167]
16. Tetrandrine (TET-HP-β-CD) graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i016.jpg Alkaloid Stephania tetrandra, S. Moore In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats Alleviating inflammation and fibrosis [168]
17. Juglanin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i017.jpg Flavonoid Polygonum aviculare In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Inhibition of stimulator of interferon genes (Sting) signaling [168]
18. Paeonol graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i018.jpg Phenols Paeonia suffruticosa In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Inhibition of MAPKs/Smad3 signaling [169]
19. Honokiol graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i019.jpg Neolignan Magnolia officinalis In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Inhibiting EMT and TGF-β/Smad signaling both in vitro and in vivo [170]
20. Phycocyanin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i020.jpg Phycobilins Cyanobacteria In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Attenuating PF via TLR2-MyD88-NFκB signaling [171]
21. Schisandrin B graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i021.jpg Tanin Schisandra chinensis In vitro: A549 cells. BLM-induced PF mice Attenuating BLM-induced PF via wingless/integrase-1 signaling [172]
22. Morin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i022.jpg Flavonoid Maclura pomifera In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory [173]
23. Berberine graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i023.jpg Alkaloid Chinese herbs In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Activation of PPAR-γ. Expression of HGF in the colon. [174]
24. Zingerone graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i024.jpg Phenolics, Ketone Zingiber officinale In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats Modulating the expression of TGF-β1 and iNOS [175]
25. Glaucocalyxin A graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i025.jpg Diterpenoid Rabdosia japonica In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Antagonism of leukocyte infiltration. Proinflammatory cytokine production. [176]
26. Parthenolide graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i026.jpg Sesquiterpene Tanacetum parthenium In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: primary lung fibroblast, HFL1 cells, A549 cells Attenuating BLM-induced PF via NF-κB/Snail signaling [177]
27. Oridonin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i027.jpg Diterpenoid Rabdosia rubesecens In vitro: MRC5 cells, in vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Regulating TGFβ/Smad pathway [178]
28. Apigenin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i028.jpg Flavonoid Vegetables In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Anti-oxidative and PPARγ expression [179]
29. Salvianolic acid B and sodium tanshinone IIA graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i029.jpg Phenolics Salvia miltiorrhiza In vitro: MR5 cells Anti-inflammation and anti-fibrotic [180]
30. Nimbolide graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i030.jpg Terpenoids Azadirachta indica In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: TGF-beta induced cell line Autophagy regulator through attenuation of EMT pathway [181]
31. Perostilbene graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i031.jpg Polyphenol Blueberries In vivo: LPS-induced PF mice Preventing fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis [182]
32. Scutellarein graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i032.jpg Flavonoid Scutellaria Lateriflora In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: human pulmonary fibroblast Affecting fibroblast differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis [183]
33. Sulforaphane graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i033.jpg Isothiocyanates Cruciferous vegetables In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: A549 cell, MRC-5 cell Inhibiting EMT transition [184]
34. Salvianolic acid B graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i034.jpg Phenolic acids Salvia miltiorrhiza In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats; in vitro: MRC-5 cells Inhibiting myofibroblast trans-differentiation via upregulation of Nrf2 [185]
35. GHK peptide graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i035.jpg Tripeptide Plasma protein In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation [186]
36. Glycyl-L-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK)-Cu graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i036.jpg Tripeptide Plasma protein In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation [187]
37. Myricetin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i037.jpg Flavonoid Commercially purchase In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: human, mouse pulmonary epithelial cell, lung fibroblast cell Inhibiting TGF-β1 via targeting HSP90β [188]
38. Wedelolactone graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i038.jpg Coumarin Eclipta prostrata In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Activation of AMPK and regulating Raf-MAPK pathway [189]
39. Madecacassoside graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i039.jpg Pentacyclic triterpenoid Centella asiatica In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Promoting hepatocyte growth factor in the colon via PPAR-γ [190]
40. Rutin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i040.jpg Flavonoid Citrus plant In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Inhibiting TGF-β1-α/SMA/Col I and III pathway [191]
41. Caffeine graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i041.jpg Alkaloid Tea, coffee, cacao, etc. ex vivo: precision-cut lung slice model; in vitro: epithelial and lung fibroblast cells Inhibiting TGF-β activation [192]
42. Emodin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i042.jpg Anthraquinone Rhubarb In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats; in vitro: alveolar epithelial cell Inhibiting EMT transition, TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3 [193]
43. Rhapontin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i043.jpg Stilbene glycosides Rheum genus/ Rhubarb In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: primary lung fibroblast; LP-stimulated human THP-1 Reducing collagen deposition, TGF-beta1, α-SMA, HIF-α expression [194]
44. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i044.jpg Flavonoid Carthamus tinctorius In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: A549 cells Reducing ECM deposition [195]
45. Alantolactone and isoalatolactone graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i045.jpg Sesquiterpene lactone Inula helenium L In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: TGF-β1-induced human lung fibroblasts. Inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway [196]
46. 4-methoxyphenethylamine graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i046.jpg Biological amine Pericarp of Citrus Reticulata In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats model; in vitro: human embryonic lung fibroblast Inhibiting TGF-β1 [197]
47. Galangin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i047.jpg Flavonoid Galangal In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Attenuating EMT and inflammatory damage [198]
48. Quercetin and Gallic acid graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i048.jpg Flavonoid Quercetin and Gallic acid In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory [199]
49. Rosavin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i049.jpg Alcohol glycosides Rhodiola rosea In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice Anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory [200]
50. Ascorbic Acid graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i050.jpg Vitamin Fruits In vivo: PQ-induced PF Reducing IL-6, IL-17a, TGF-beta [201]
51. Quercetin graphic file with name molecules-27-01481-i051.jpg Flavonoid Diverse plant sources Amiodarone intra-tracheal instillation Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory [202]

The molecular structures of active compounds were generated from the online repository www.molview.org, accessed on 14 October 2021. Here, each color in molecules denotes each atom. Therefore, gray = carbon, white= hydrogen, red=oxygen, blue=nitrogen, and yellow=sulfur.