Table 2.
Plant extract-based therapeutic approaches against pulmonary fibrosis.
| No. | Formula | Source and Components | Experiment Model | Therapeutic Targets | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Arenaria kansuensis | Chinese herbal (plant extracts) | In vivo: PQ-induced PF mice | Activation of Nrf2 pathway and the inhibition of NF-kb/TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 pathway. | [203] |
| 2. | Tanshinone IIa | Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) (plant extracts) | In vivo: silica-induced PF rats; in vitro: A549 and HBE cells. | Inhibition of EMT | [204] |
| 3. | Ethyl acetate extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (EASM) | Dried roots and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza (plant extracts) | In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: mouse embryo fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) | Inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling by downregulating protein kinase C delta | [205] |
| 4. | Β-peltoboykinolic acid | Astilbe rubra (plant extracts) | In vitro: A549 cells | Inhibition of EMT | [206] |
| 5. | Date palm sap (DPS) | Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. (plant extracts) | In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats | Reversing inflammation and oxidative stress | [207] |
| 6. | Nigella sativa oil (NSO) | Nigella sativa (plant extracts) | In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats | Anti-inflammatory | [208] |
| 7. | Black tea extract (BTE) | Camellia sinensis (plant extracts) | In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice | Anti-fibrotic | [209] |
| 8. | Aged garlic extract (AGE) | Alluim sativum (plant extracts) | In vivo: TiO2-induced toxicity | Attenuating hepatic inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis | [210] |
| 9. | Citrus alkaline extracts (CAE) | Pericarp of Citrus reticulata (flavanone, alkaloid) | In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice; in vitro: primary murine lung fibroblasts | Preventing fibroblast senescence via activation of cyc-2 | [211] |
| 10. | Grape seed extracts (GSEs) | Flavonoids, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherols, citric acid, limonoids, sterols, and minerals | In vivo: BLM-induced PF mice | Inhibition of MMP-9 and TGF-β1 | [212] |
| 11. | Myrtle |
Myrtus communis L. (flavonoids, tannins, and essential oils) |
In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats | Anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative | [213] |
| 12. | Berberis vulgaris fruit extract (BVFE) |
Berberis vulgaris (phenolic and flavonoids compounds) | In vivo: PQ-induced PF rats | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory | [214] |
| 13. | Pistacia lentiscus oil | Pistacia lentiscus (phenolic compounds and fatty acids) | In vivo: BLM-induced PF rats | Antioxidant | [215] |
| 14. | Mixture of extracts | The roots and rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L. (RRL) (phenylpropanoids, organic acids, and flavonoids) | In vivo: BLM-induced rats | TGF-β1 signaling transduction in lung tissues | [216] |