. 2022 Feb 24;27(5):1542. doi: 10.3390/molecules27051542

Table 2.

Chemical components are probably involved in antiviral activities for main medicinal plants from Marajó Island.

Medicinal Plant	Classes Chemical	Assignment Viral	Antiviral Agents	Methods	Action Mechanism	IC₅₀ (µg/mL)	References
Alpinia zerumbet L.	Aromatic heterocycles	HIV-1	5,6-Dehidrokavaina (DK)	Multiple integration assay	Inhibition HIV-1 integrase and Neuraminidase Activity	4.4 μg/mL	[11]
Alpinia zerumbet L.	Aromatic heterocycles	HIV-1	Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK)	Multiple integration assay	Inhibition HIV-1 integrase and Neuraminidase Activity	3.6 μg/mL	[11]
Bixa orellana L.	Polyphenols	Influenza virus and hepatitis B virus	procyanidin B2	CPE inhibition assay	Blockage of viral binding to the cell receptors	50.85–56.02 μg/mL	[14,15,16]
Bixa orellana L.	Polyphenols	Influenza virus and hepatitis B virus	lutein	ELISA assay	Inhibition of HBV transcription	40 μg/mL	[14,15,16]
Citrus limon	Terpenes	Hepatitis A virus (HAV)	Limonene, β-pinene, andγ-terpinene Limonexic acid	Reed and Muench method	Reducing HAV infectivity	2.84 log TCID₅₀/mL	[17,18]
Citrus limonum Risso	Flavonoids	Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)	procyanidin B2	Reed and Muench method	The slight reduction in virus infectivity	2.84 log TCID₅₀/mL	[17]
Dysphania ambrosioides( L.)	Flavonoids	SARS-CoV-2	rutin and nicotiflorin	3CLpro and RdRp	Molecular docking with 3CLpro (main protease (Mpro))	in silico	[19,20,21,22]
Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P.Queiroz	Polysaccharide	HSV-1	Sulfated polysaccharide	Plaque reduction assay	Antiviral activity by its ability to prevent viral replication	405 μg/mL	[23]
Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P.Queiroz	Polysaccharide	Poliovirus (PV)	Sulfated polysaccharide	Plaque reduction assay		1.25-10 μg/mL	[23]
Ocimum gratissimum L.	Terpenes and Alkaloid	HSV-1,2	Eugenol	Plaque-based assays (PFU) method	Inhibition of virus replication	16.2, and 250 µg/mL	[24,25]
Ocimum gratissimum L.	Terpenes and Alkaloid	HIV-1,2	Thymol, and ursolic acidPheophytin-a	Plaque-based assays (PFU) method	Direct destruction of the virion	7 µM	[24,25]
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng	Flavonoids	HSV-1	Flavonoids	cleavage of peptide substrate	HIV-1 protease inhibitor	100 µg/mL	[26]
Spondias mombin L.	Flavonoids and phenolic acids	HSV-1	tannin-rich fraction	Vero E6 cells	Glycoproteins gB and gD of HSV-1 surface	17.35 µg/mL	[27]
Spondias mombin L.	Flavonoids and phenolic acids	HSV-1	geraniin	Vero E6 cells	Glycoproteins gB and gD of HSV-1 surface	20.40 µg/mL	[27]