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. 2022 Feb 25;15(5):1749. doi: 10.3390/ma15051749

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Gradient nanostructured surface CP Ti were prepared by surface mechanical attrition treatment, and coarse-grained CP Ti by the followed recrystallization annealing. (b) Tricalcium phosphate (TCP)/vancomycin-loaded silk coating on a 3D printed porous Ti substrate. (c) HA/tannic acid composite coating based on Ti substrates modified by TNT arrays. (d) S520 bioactive glass coating on ultrafine-grained (UFG) CP Ti by laser cladding. Panel (a) reprinted with permission from [101] (Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Sons). Panel (b) reprinted with permission from [102] (Copyright 2020 IOP Publishing). Panel (c) reprinted with permission from [103] (Copyright 2020 Elsevier). Panel (d) reprinted with permission from [104] (Copyright 2021 Elsevier).