Table 2.

Examples of drug-containing surface modification of Ti and Ti alloys.

Drugs	Methodology	Incorporating Structure	Results	Refs.
Gentamicin	Multilayers of gentamicin and polyacrylic acid obtained by LBL method on Ti64 treated by alkali-heating	Homogeneous cross-link multilayers’ deposition, gentamicin and polyacrylic acid coated layer-by-layer	Antibacterial rates compared to Ti64: 99.86% for S. aureus and 99.93% for E. coli	[153]
Vancomycin	Electrodeposition to coat HA/collagen/ vancomycin on Ti	Many small vancomycin crystals that aggregate and form larger islands	5 h antibacterial ratio (S. Aureus): ~97% 30 h drug release: ~85%	[154]
Tobramycin	Alkali-treated Ti screws with anodized surfaces soaked in Dulbecco’s PBS were soaked in tobramycin solution at 70 °C.	Tobramycin is deposited on a thin leaf-like HA coating that adheres tightly to the substrate.	Screws injected with S. aureus suspension were implanted into rabbits. The drug-laden group showed significantly lower signs of infection.	[155]
Rifampicin	Electrospinning process: the poly-caprolactone nanofibers loaded with HA nanoparticles and rifampicin were coated on acid-etched annealed Ti.	Regular and smooth fibers without beads or coagulations	Mechanical properties of nanocomposite scaffolds: increased threefold. Antibacterial: log reduction in the bacterial growth Drug release: 1 h: ~27%; 1 d: ~41%; 32 d: ~61%	[156]
Clindamycin	Hydrogel 3D bioprinting: hydrogels containing clindamycin were extruded on acid-etched Ti64	Rough surface by nanofibrillated cellulose filaments with furrows and without drug clusters	10-day degradation: ~57.8% (hydrogels without drug: 7-day: 100%) Drug release: 1 h: ~25%; 1 d: ~80%; 3 d: 100%	[157]