Table 2.

A table summarising the various studies that investigated the impact of SPION dose on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells.

Cell Type	SPION Core-Coating (Name If Given)	SPION Diamete (nm)	SPION Incubation Concentration (μg/mL)	Incubation Period	Iron Content per Cell (pg)	Experiment Duration (Days)	Impact on Osteogenic Differentiation	Other Experiments
Rat BMSCs [88]	Iron oxide- citric acid	96	50	72 h	13	14	Impaired	Reduced cell viability with increasing concentration.
Rat ADSCs [88]	Iron oxide- citric acid	96	50	72 h	13	14	Impaired	Reduced cell viability with increasing concentration.
hMSCs [91]	Magnetite- amine (NH3+)	6	50	72 h	200	21	Impaired	Improved cell proliferation.
hMSCs [92]	Iron oxide- carboxydextran (Ferucarbotran)	62	100	60 min	NI	7	Impaired	Cell mobilisation was promoted.
hMSCs [95]	Iron oxide- silica	4.5	50	4 days	4	14	Unaffected	Cell viability and proliferation was unimpacted. No changes in gene expression of VEGF or anti-inflammatory factors. No tissue damage or blood toxicity in-vivo after 7 weeks.
hMSCs [88]	Magnetite- citric acid	48	100	72 h	NI	14	Unaffected	Cell viability was unaffected.
Canine ADSCs [89]	Magnetite	10	50	12 h	28	21	Unaffected	Cell viability and proliferation were unimpacted.
hMSCs [93]	Magnetite- PDA	57	50	24 h	NI	21	Unaffected	Cell viability and proliferation were unaffected.
hMSCs [90]	Iron oxide- citrate	98	25	24 h	70	NI	Unaffected	No cytotoxicity was observed.
hMSCs [90]	Iron oxide- dextran (Ferumoxide)	157	500	24 h	26	NI	Unaffected	No cytotoxicity was observed.
hMSCs [20]	Maghemite- PSC	30	100	72 h	NI	21	Promoted	Cell viability was unimpacted.
hMSCs [18]	Magnetite- silica	55	100	24 h	NI	14	Promoted	Cell viability and proliferation were unaffected.
hMSCs [28]	Maghemite- PSC	30	100	48 h	0.9	21	Promoted	Cell viability was unimpacted.

Magnetite—${\mathrm{Fe}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_4$; Maghemite—${\mathsf{\gamma }\mathrm{Fe}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_3$. Core was referred to as “Iron oxide” if not mentioned in the study. Abbreviations: PDA—Polydopamine, PSC—polyglucose sorbitol carboxymethyl-ether.