Table 4. Food plant taxa identified using DNA metabarcoding with rbcL and ITS2.
| Family name | Scientific name | Database | Published previously in the literature | No. of fecal samples | Detection frequency per 105 fecal samples | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 8–10, 2016 (n = 31) |
July 26–28, 2016 (n = 18) | August 18–20, 2015 (n = 31) | September 13–14, 2018 (n = 17) | October 11–12, 2016 (n = 8) | Total (n = 105) |
|||||
| Apiaceae | Peucedanum multivittatum | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 10 | - | - | - | - | 10 | 9.5% |
| Tilingia ajanensis | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 16 | 4 | 12 | 4 | - | 36 | 34.3% | |
| Aquifoliaceae | Ilex sugerokii var. brevipedunculata | |||||||||
| Asparagaceae | Maianthemum dilatatum | Yes | ||||||||
| Asteraceae | Asteraceae (Cirsium otayae, Hieracium japonicum, Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica) | rbcL | No | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 1.9% |
| Anaphalis margaritacea var. margaritacea | ||||||||||
| Arnica unalaschcensis var. tschonoskyi | Yes | |||||||||
| Artemisia sinanensis | ||||||||||
| Cirsium otayae | ||||||||||
| Hieracium japonicum | ||||||||||
| Ixeridium dentatum subsp. kimuranum | rbcL and ITS2 | No | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 7.6% | |
| Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica | ITS2 | No | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| Taraxacum officinale | ITS2 | No | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| Betulaceae | Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica | ITS2 | No | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% |
| Betula ermanii | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 4 | - | 2 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 11.4% | |
| Brassicaceae | Cardamine nipponica | |||||||||
| Celastraceae | Parnassia palustris | |||||||||
| Cephaloziaceae | Alobiellopsis parvifolia | ITS2 | No | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% |
| Cornaceae | Cornus canadensis | rbcL | No | - | - | 4 | - | 2 | 6 | 5.7% |
| Cupressaceae | Juniperus communis var. hondoensis | rbcL and ITS2 | No | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | 1.9% |
| Cyperaceae | Carex blepharicarpa | ITS2 | No | 3 | 5 | 1 | - | - | 9 | 8.6% |
| C. brunnescens | ||||||||||
| C. oxyandra | ITS2 | No | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| C. pyrenaica var. altior | ITS2 | No | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| C. nubigena | ||||||||||
| Eriophorum vaginatum | ||||||||||
| Diapensiaceae | Schizocodon soldanelloides f. alpinus | rbcL | Yes | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1.9% |
| Droseraceae | Drosera rotundifolia | |||||||||
| Ericaceae | Andromeda polifolia | rbcL and ITS2 | No | - | 3 | - | - | - | 3 | 2.9% |
| Arctous alpina | Yes | |||||||||
| Elliottia bracteata | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1.9% | |
| Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 15 | 8 | 28 | 14 | 7 | 72 | 68.6% | |
| Epigaea asiatica | rbcL | No | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| Eubotryoides grayana var. parvifolia | ||||||||||
| Gaultheria adenothrix | rbcL | No | - | - | - | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3.8% | |
| G. pyroloides | rbcL | Yes | - | - | 3 | - | 1 | 4 | 3.8% | |
| Kalmia procumbens | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 5 | 16 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 45 | 42.9% | |
| Phyllodoce sp. (P. aleutica, P. nipponica) | ITS2 | Yes | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1.9% | |
| P. aleutica | rbcL | Yes | 4 | - | 4 | 2 | 4 | 14 | 13.3% | |
| P. nipponica | rbcL | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 4 | 2.9% | |
| Rhododendron brachycarpum | ||||||||||
| R. tschonoskii subsp. trinerve | ||||||||||
| Vaccinium sp. (V. shikokianum, V. smallii var. smallii, V. uliginosum var. japonicum) | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 3 | 5 | 11 | 5 | - | 24 | 22.9% | |
| Vaccinium hirtum | ITS2 | No | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| V. ovalifolium var. ovalifolium | rbcL | Yes | 28 | 10 | 19 | 8 | 8 | 73 | 69.5% | |
| V. shikokianum | Yes | |||||||||
| V. smallii var. smallii | Yes | |||||||||
| V. uliginosum var. japonicum | Yes | 14 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 36 | 34.3% | ||
| V. vitis-idaea | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 14 | 13.3% | |
| Fabaceae | Astragalus sinicus | ITS2 | No | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% |
| Gentianaceae | Gentiana makinoi | |||||||||
| G. nipponica | rbcL | No | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| G. thunbergii var. minor | rbcL and ITS2 | No | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| Hypericaceae | Hypericum senanense subsp. mutiloides | |||||||||
| Juncaceae | Juncus filiformis | rbcL and ITS2 | No | - | 1 | 7 | - | - | 8 | 7.6% |
| Lentibulariaceae | Pinguicula vulgaris var. macroceras | |||||||||
| Melanthiaceae | Helonias orientalis | |||||||||
| Veratrum stamineum var. stamineum | ||||||||||
| Menyanthaceae | Nephrophyllidium crista-galli subsp. japonicum | rbcL and ITS2 | No | 3 | 7 | 1 | 1 | - | 12 | 11.4% |
| Nartheciaceae | Aletris foliata | rbcL | No | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% |
| Narthecium asiaticum | rbcL | No | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| Orchidaceae | Dactylorhiza aristata | rbcL | No | - | 1 | 3 | - | - | 4 | 3.8% |
| Platanthera tipuloides subsp. nipponica | ||||||||||
| Orobanchaceae | Pedicularis chamissonis var. japonica | |||||||||
| Pedicularis yezoensis | rbcL and ITS2 | No | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | 3 | 2.9% | |
| Pinaceae | Abies mariesii | |||||||||
| Pinus pumila | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| Plantaginaceae | Veronica nipponica | |||||||||
| Poaceae | Bromus sp. (B. inermis, B. pacificus) | rbcL | No | - | - | 8 | - | 1 | 9 | 8.6% |
| Calamagrostis longiseta | rbcL | No | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| Moliniopsis japonica | ||||||||||
| Sasa kurilensis | rbcL | No | 1 | 1 | 13 | - | - | 15 | 14.3% | |
| Polygonaceae | Persicaria weyrichii var. weyrichii | rbcL and ITS2 | No | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% |
| Rumex alpestris subsp. lapponicus | ||||||||||
| Polytrichaceae | Polytrichum juniperinum | ITS2 | No | 5 | 3 | 4 | - | - | 12 | 11.4% |
| Ranunculaceae | Aconitum hakusanense | ITS2 | No | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1.0% |
| Anemone narcissiflora subsp. nipponica | ITS2 | Yes | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.0% | |
| Coptis trifoliolata | rbcL | No | - | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | 1.9% | |
| Ranunculus acris subsp. nipponicus | Yes | |||||||||
| Rosaceae | Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus | |||||||||
| Potentilla matsumurae | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | 6 | 5.7% | |
| Rubus vernus | rbcL | No | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | |
| Sieversia pentapetala | rbcL and ITS2 | Yes | 17 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 31 | 29.5% | |
| Sorbus commixta | rbcL and ITS2 | No | - | - | 13 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 15.2% | |
| Sapindaceae | Acer tschonoskii | |||||||||
| Tofieldiaceae | Triantha japonica | rbcL and ITS2 | No | - | 5 | 1 | - | - | 6 | 5.7% |
| Xanthorrhoeaceae | Hemerocallis dumortieri var. esculenta | |||||||||
| Total number of food plant taxa | 151 | 84 | 181 | 64 | 46 | 526 | ||||