Table 4. Suicidal ideation prevalence percentage in general samples, ordered by timeframe (and then by population type).
| Author, Pub. Year | Population Type | Host Country * | Data Source | Study Dates | Suicidal Ideation, n out of N | Time-frame † | Prevalence ‡ , % |
| (Income level) | (95% CI) § | ||||||
| Park 2018 [64] | Refugees granted asylum | South Korea | Specific monitoring | 2017–2018 | 29 out of 174 | 1 year | 16.7¶ |
| (HIC) | (11.5 to 23.1) | ||||||
| Choi 2020 [30] | Refugees granted asylum | South Korea | Cross-sectional | 2011–2018 | 24 out of 86 | 1 year | 27.9# |
| (HIC) | (18.8 to 38.6) | ||||||
| Noh 2017 [61] | Refugees granted asylum | South Korea | Cross-sectional | 2008–2014 | 153 out of 656 | 1 year | 23.3** |
| (HIC) | (20.1 to 26.8) | ||||||
| Um 2020 [86] | Refugees granted asylum | South Korea | Cross-sectional | 2014 | 127 out of 405 | 1 year | 31.4†† |
| (HIC) | (26.9 to 36.1) | ||||||
| Ao 2016 [21] | Refugees granted asylum | USA | Cross-sectional | 2008–2011 | 9 out of 423 | 1 year | 2.1‡‡ |
| (HIC) | (1.0 to 4.0) | ||||||
| Itani 2017a [45]¶¶¶ | Refugees in camps | Occupied Palestinian T. | National statistics | 2010 | 2257 out of 8526 | 1 year | 26.5§§ |
| (25.5 to 27.4) | |||||||
| Itani 2017b [45] | Refugees in camps | Jordan | Cross-sectional | 2010 | 404 out of 1495 | 1 year | 27.0§§ |
| (UMIC) | (24.8 to 29.4) | ||||||
| Itani 2017c [45] | Refugees in camps | Lebanon | Cross-sectional | 2010 | 431 out of 2168 | 1 year | 19.9§§ |
| (UMIC) | (18.2 to 21.6) | ||||||
| Itani 2017d [45] | Refugees in camps | Syria | Cross-sectional | 2010 | 567 out of 2114 | 1 year | 26.8§§ |
| (LIC) | (24.9 to 28.8) | ||||||
| Staehr 2006 [79] | Asylum seekers | Denmark | Specific monitoring | 2003 | 7 out of 4164 | 1 year | 0.17¶¶ |
| (HIC) | (0.07 to 0.35) | ||||||
| Sohn 2019 [77] | Mixed Ref. & A.S. populations | South Korea | Cross-sectional | NR | 4 out of 129 | 1 year | 3.1## |
| (HIC) | (0.85 to 7.8) | ||||||
| Kim 2007 [49] | Internally displaced | Sudan | Cross-sectional | 2005 | 66 out of 1257 | 1 year | 5.3*** |
| (LIC) | (4.1 to 6.6) | ||||||
| Keller 2003 [48] | Asylum seekers | USA | Cross-sectional | 2001–2002 | 18 out of 70 | 5 months††† | 25.7 |
| (HIC) | (16.0 to 37.6) | ||||||
| Jankovic 2013 [47] | Refugees granted asylum | UK, Italy, Germany (HIC) | Cross-sectional | 2005–2006 | 81 out of 854 | 1 month | 9.5 |
| (7.6 to 11.7) | |||||||
| Akinyemi 2012 [16] | Refugees in camps | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 2010 | 49 out of 444 | 1 month | 11.0 |
| (LMIC) | (8.3 to 14.3) | ||||||
| Rahman 2003 [66] | Refugees in camps | Pakistan | Cross-sectional | 2002 | 96 out of 297 | 1 month | 32.3 |
| (LMIC) | (27.0 to 38.0) | ||||||
| Falb 2013 [32] | Refugees in camps | Thailand | Cross-sectional | 2008 | 63 out of 848 | 1 month | 7.4 |
| (UMIC) | (5.8 to 9.4) | ||||||
| Nickerson 2019a [60] | Refugees granted asylum | Australia | Cross-sectional | 2015–2018 | 12 out of 826 | 2 weeks | 1.5 |
| (HIC) | (0.75 to 2.5) | ||||||
| Vijayakumar 2017 [88] | Refugees in camps | India | Cross-sectional | NR | 16 out of 1303 | 2 weeks | 1.2 |
| (LMIC) | (0.70 to 2.0) | ||||||
| Nickerson 2019b [60] | Asylum seekers | Australia | Cross-sectional | 2015–2018 | 21 out of 259 | 2 weeks | 8.1 |
| (HIC) | (5.1 to 12.1) | ||||||
| Leiler 2019 [52] | Mixed Ref. & A.S. populations | Sweden | Cross-sectional | 2016–2017 | 173 out of 510 | 2 weeks | 33.9 |
| (HIC) | (29.8 to 38.2) | ||||||
| Salama 2020 [71] | Refugees granted asylum | Finland | Cross-sectional | 2010–2012 | 80 out of 850 | 1 week | 9.4 |
| (HIC) | (7.5 to 11.6) | ||||||
| Meyerhoff 2020 [55] | Refugees granted asylum | USA | Cross-sectional | NR | 4 out of 60 | 1 week | 6.7 |
| (HIC) | (1.9 to 16.2) | ||||||
| Fuhrer 2016 [35] | Asylum seekers | Germany | Cross-sectional | 2015 | 12 out of 214 | 1 week | 5.6 |
| (HIC) | (2.9 to 9.6) | ||||||
| Huemer 2011 [44] | Asylum seekers | Austria | Cross-sectional | NR | 4 out of 41 | current state | 9.8 |
| (HIC) | (2.7 to 23.1) | ||||||
| Steel 2004 [80] | Asylum seekers | Australia | Cross-sectional | 2002–2003 | 24 out of 34 | current state | 70.6 |
| (HIC) | (52.5 to 84.9) | ||||||
| Sultan 2001 [82] | Asylum seekers | Australia | Cross-sectional | 2001 | 23 out of 33 | current state | 69.7 |
| (HIC) | (51.3 to 84.4) | ||||||
| Bhui 2003 [25] | Refugees granted asylum | UK | Cross-sectional | NR | 62 out of 177 | NR | 35.0 |
| (HIC) | (28.0 to 42.5) | ||||||
| Alley 1982 [18] | Refugees granted asylum | USA | Cross-sectional | 1980 | 10 out of 4192 | NR | 0.24 |
| (HIC) | (0.12 to 0.44) | ||||||
| Al-Modallal 2012 [17] | Refugees in camps | Jordan | Cross-sectional | NR | 39 out of 287 | NR | 13.6 |
| (UMIC) | (9.9 to 18.1) | ||||||
| Slodnjak 2002 [75] | Refugees in camps | Slovenia | Cross-sectional | 1994 | 64 out of 265 | NR | 24.1 |
| (HIC) | (19.1 to 29.8) | ||||||
| Author, Pub. Year | Population Type | Host Country * | Data Source | Study Dates | Suicidal Ideation, n/N | Time-frame * | Prevalence † , % |
| (Income level) | (95% CI) ‡ | ||||||
| Ssenyonga 2012 [78] | Refugees in camps | Uganda | Cross-sectional | NR | 89 out of 426 | NR | 20.9 |
| (LIC) | (17.1 to 25.1) | ||||||
| Winkler 2018 [90] | Asylum seekers | Germany | Cross-sectional | 2015–2016 | 87 out of 496 | NR | 17.5 |
| (HIC) | (14.3 to 21.2) | ||||||
| Tay 2019 [84] | Mixed Ref. & A.S. populations | Malaysia | Cross-sectional | NR | 228 out of 959 | NR | 23.8 |
| (UMIC) | (21.1 to 26.6) | ||||||
| Tamayo Martinez 2016 [83] | Internally displaced | Colombia | National statistics | 2015 | N = 943 surveyed§§§ | NR | 12.5 |
| (UMIC) | (9.0 to 17.1) | ||||||
| Marroquín Rivera 2020 [54] | Internally displaced | Colombia | Cross-sectional | 2015 | 20 out of 101 | NR | 19.8 |
| (UMIC) | (12.5 to 28.9) | ||||||
| Salah 2013 [70] | Internally displaced | Sudan | Cross-sectional | 2008 | 9 out of 1876 | NR | 0.48 |
| (LIC) | (0.22 to 0.91) |
*Refers to Country or Territory as applicable.
†Timeframe refers to either how far back participants were asked about the occurrence of suicidal ideation (for example, in the past year), or the follow-up time.
‡Prevalence rate per 100,000 person-years (i.e., the number per 100,000 persons per year) is also presented when it was either reported or it could be estimated from study follow-up time.
§Confidence intervals (of prevalence percentages) were calculated using Stata 12.
¶Park 2018 study’s estimated rate is 16,700 per 100,000 person-years.
#Choi 2020 study’s estimated rate is 27,900 per 100,000 person-years.
**Noh 2017 study’s estimated rate is 23,300 per 100,000 person-years.
††Um 2020 study’s estimated rate is 31,400 per 100,000 person-years.
‡‡Ao 2016 study’s estimated rate is 2100 per 100,000 person-years.
§§Itani 2017a, 2017b, 2017c, and 2017d studies’ estimated rates are, per 100,000 person-years: 26,500, 27,000, 19,900, and 26,800 (respectively).
¶¶Staehr 2006 study’s reported rate is 168 per 100,000 person-years (for the most recent year reported, i.e., 2003).
##Sohn 2019 study’s estimated rate is 3100 per 100,000 person-years.
***Kim 2007 study’s estimated rate is 5300 per 100,000 person-years.
†††Median was 5, range 1–54 months.
§§§Absolute number having suicidal ideation was not reported.
¶¶¶Lower middle income (as per World Bank classification, 2021).
Abbreviations: A.S. = asylum seekers; HIC = high income country; LIC = low income country; LMIC = lower middle income country; NR = not reported; pub = publication; Ref. = refugees; T. = Territory; UMIC = upper middle income country.