Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of US individuals ≥16 stratified by chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk, NHANES 2011–2018 1.
| Low Risk | Moderate Risk | High Risk | Highest Risk | p Value 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Weighted % (95% CI) | n | Weighted % (95% CI) | n | Weighted % (95% CI) | n | Weighted % (95% CI) | ||
| Total | 15,238 | 2070 | 562 | 255 | |||||
| Age | |||||||||
| 16–59 | 11,855 | 80.6 (79.2, 82.0) | 982 | 41.4 (48.5, 54.3) | 156 | 33.2 (27.1, 39.3) | 47 | 23.2 (15.1, 32.3) | <0.0001 |
| 60–74 | 2710 | 15.8 (14.5, 17.0) | 665 | 30.4 (27.6, 33.2) | 175 | 25.5 (20.3, 30.8) | 82 | 27.3 (19.9, 34.7) | |
| ≥75 | 673 | 3.7 (3.3, 4.1) | 423 | 18.2 (16.2, 20.2) | 231 | 41.3 (36.6, 46.0) | 126 | 49.5 (41.3, 57.7) | |
| Sex | 0.0003 | ||||||||
| Male | 7296 | 48.1 (47.1, 49.22) | 918 | 40.8 (37.4, 44.2) | 271 | 42.4 (35.9, 48.8) | 147 | 48.0 (40.9, 55.1) | |
| Female | 7942 | 51.9 (50.8, 52.9) | 1152 | 59.2 (55.8, 62.6) | 291 | 57.6 (51.2, 64.1) | 108 | 52.0 (44.8, 59.1) | |
| Race/Hispanic origin | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 5529 | 63.7 (59.9, 67.4) | 875 | 66.9 (62.4, 71.3) | 273 | 71.3 (66.4, 76.2) | 108 | 63.2 (54.1, 72.3) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3313 | 10.9 (8.9, 12.9) | 488 | 12.1 (9.2, 14.9) | 130 | 12.5 (9.3, 15.6) | 67 | 15.8 (10.1, 21.6) | |
| Hispanic | 3931 | 16.2 (13.6, 18.8) | 464 | 13.0 (9.9, 16.0) | 102 | 9.6 (6.7, 12.5) | 52 | 11.2 (6.7, 15.7) | |
| Other | 2465 | 9.3 (8.0, 10.5) | 243 | 8.1 (6.3, 9.9) | 57 | 6.7 (4.4, 8.9) | 28 | 9.8 (5.1, 14.5) | |
| Education | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| <High School | 3819 | 16.6 (14.9, 18.3) | 618 | 20.9 (18.4, 23.3) | 157 | 21.9 (18.1, 25.7) | 80 | 24.3 (17.6, 31.0) | |
| High School graduate/GED |
3288 | 21.6 (20.1, 23.2) | 478 | 23.3 (20.4, 26.2) | 134 | 22.0 (17.6, 26.4) | 71 | 32.1 (23.8, 40.4) | |
| >High School | 8104 | 61.6 (59.1, 64.1) | 971 | 55.8 (52.0, 59.6) | 270 | 56.1 (50.8, 61.4) | 104 | 43.6 (36.3, 50.9) | |
| Missing | 27 | — | 3 | — | 1 | — | 0 | — | |
| Poverty/Income Ratio | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| <1.0 | 3153 | 14.7 (12.9, 16.4) | 461 | 16.9 (13.8, 18.2) | 125 | 17.2 (11.3, 23.1) | 59 | 23.7 (15.9, 31.5) | |
| 1.0—1.9 | 3384 | 17.6 (16.2, 18.9) | 529 | 20.9 (18.3, 23.5) | 158 | 24.1 (18.3, 30.0) | 71 | 24.3 (19.0, 29.6) | |
| 2.0—3.9 | 3507 | 24.9 (23.0, 26.7) | 468 | 25.6 (22.6, 28.6) | 120 | 23.7 (19.6, 27.8) | 65 | 25.1 (18.6, 31.6) | |
| ≥4.0 | 3545 | 33.3 (30.6, 36.1) | 384 | 28.7 (24.7, 32.7) | 91 | 25.1 (19.3, 30.9) | 28 | — | |
| Missing | 1649 | — | 228 | — | 68 | — | 32 | — | |
| BMI | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 310 | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | 55 | 2.5 (1.6, 3.4) | 12 | — | 3 | — | |
| Normal Weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | 4665 | 30.0 (28.6, 32.4) | 506 | 24.6 (22.2, 27.0) | 103 | 17.5 (14.0, 21.0) | 54 | 19.1 (13.2, 25.1) | |
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 4735 | 31.8 (30.5, 33.1) | 591 | 28.1 (25.0, 31.2) | 176 | 32.3 (26.6, 38.0) | 80 | 26.6 (19.5, 33.8) | |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 5424 | 36.0 (34.5, 37.5) | 894 | 43.8 (40.7, 46.9) | 257 | 46.2 (40.2, 52.1) | 110 | 50.9 (41.3, 60.5) | |
| Missing | 104 | — | 24 | — | 14 | — | 8 | — | |
| Folic Acid source | 0.23 | ||||||||
| ECGP only | 8355 | 51.2 (49.5, 52.9) | 1100 | 49.2 (45.6, 52.7) | 270 | 42.4 (36.7, 48.0) | 133 | 49.0 (39.8, 58.1) | |
| ECGP + SUP | 3049 | 21.9 (20.7, 23.1) | 419 | 22.4 (19.5, 25.4) | 125 | 25.9 (20.4, 31.6) | 52 | 27.7 (17.2, 38.3) | |
| ECGP + RTE | 2690 | 17.5 (16.7, 18.3) | 380 | 19.0 (16.2, 21.8) | 110 | 20.4 (15.6, 25.2) | 49 | 16.0 (10.2, 21.9) | |
| ECGP + RTE + SUP | 1138 | 9.3 (8.4, 10.3) | 171 | 9.4 (7.6, 11.1) | 57 | 11.3 (8.0, 14.6) | 21 | — | |
| Missing | 6 | — | 0 | — | 0 | — | 0 | — | |
1 Values represent the weighted proportion of the population (95% CI) within each CKD risk group; CKD risk determined by eGFR and albuminuria stages as outlined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes workgroup; estimated proportions for sample sizes <30 have been suppressed; ECGP, enriched cereal grain product; ECGP + SUP, enriched cereal grain product plus folic acid containing supplements; ECGP + RTE, enriched cereal grain product plus ready-to-eat cereals; ECGP + RTE + SUP, enriched cereal grain product plus ready-to-eat cereals plus folic acid containing supplements. 2 p values calculated from the χ2 test.