Table 1.
Sex-Specific incidence and DALYs numbers, age-standardized rate per 100,000 for nutritional deficiencies (NDs) and its main subcategories, and their trend from 1990 to 2019 in LMICs.
| Incidence | DALYs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. in Thousands, 2019 | No. Change, 1990–2019, % | ASIR per 100,000, 2019 | ASIR. Change, 1990–2019, % | No. in Thousands, 2019 | No. Change, 1990–2019, % | ASDR per 100,000, 2019 |
ASDR. Change, 1990–2019, % | |
| Overall nutritional deficiencies | ||||||||
| Both | 116,480.4 | 70.4% | 1883.2 | 0.6 (−0.2, 1.4) | 41,777.8 | −30.9% | 674.4 | −2.4 (−2.6, −2.2) |
| Female | 51,405.6 | 66.0% | 1681.5 | 0.5 (−1.2, 2.1) | 24,321.3 | −26.8% | 788.3 | −2.3 (−2.4, −2.1) |
| Male | 65,074.9 | 74.1% | 2086.6 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 17,456.5 | −36.0% | 562.1 | −2.6 (−2.9, −2.3) |
| Main subcategories of nutritional deficiency | ||||||||
| Protein-energy malnutrition | ||||||||
| Both | 108,645.94 | 78.2% | 1202.48 | 0.8 (0.1, 1.4) | 9988.4 | −65.9% | 171.7 | −4.4 (−5.1, −3.7) |
| Female | 46,439.45 | 73.9% | 1526.16 | 0.6 (−0.5, 1.8) | 4988.4 | −68.0% | 174.7 | −4.6 (−5.1, −4.0) |
| Male | 62,206.48 | 81.5% | 2000.04 | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | 5000.1 | −63.6% | 169.8 | −4.3 (−5.4, −3.1) |
| Iodine deficiency | ||||||||
| Both | 7834.5 | 6.3% | 120.3 | −0.6 (−2.5, 1.3) | 2357.9 | −2.4% | 36.4 | −1.6 (−1.8, −1.5) |
| Female | 4966.1 | 16.5% | 155.3 | −0.3 (−3.0, 2.5) | 1469.2 | 9.4% | 45.5 | −1.3 (−1.5, −1.2) |
| Male | 2868.4 | −7.8% | 86.6 | −1.1 (−1.2, −1.1) | 888.7 | −17.2% | 27.4 | −2.1 (−2.3, −2.0) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | ||||||||
| Both | 459,155.8 | −43.5% | 7291.5 | −3.1 (−3.2, −3.0) | 1057.8 | −38.8% | 17.5 | −2.2 (−2.4, −2.1) |
| Female | 193,227.3 | −36.9% | 6238.7 | −2.7 (−2.9, −2.5) | 476.2 | −31.6% | 16.2 | −1.9 (−2.1, −1.7) |
| Male | 265,928.5 | −47.5% | 8325.3 | −3.4 (−3.5, −3.2) | 581.6 | −43.7% | 18.8 | −2.5 (−2.5, −2.4) |
| Dietary iron deficiency | ||||||||
| Both | - | - | - | - | 26,390.6 | 17.4% | 417.4 | −0.8 (−0.8, −0.8) |
| Female | - | - | - | - | 16,327.7 | 24.3% | 518.6 | −0.7 (−0.8, −0.7) |
| Male | - | - | - | - | 10,063.0 | 7.7% | 316.5 | −0.9 (−1.0, −0.9) |
| Other nutritional deficiencies | ||||||||
| Both | - | - | - | - | 1983.1 | −56.8% | 31.6 | −4.6 (−4.8, −4.3) |
| Female | - | - | - | - | 1059.9 | −57.3% | 33.5 | −4.5 (−4.6, −4.3) |
| Male | - | - | - | - | 923.2 | −56.1% | 29.9 | −4.5 (−4.9, −4.0) |
Abbreviation: NDs, nutritional deficiencies; LMICs, low- and middle-income countries; ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASDR, age-standardized DALYs rate; DALYs, disability-adjusted life years.