HPD-induced changes in food intake and contribution of proglucagon-derived peptides. (a) Study design. NC group: control and GCGKO mice fed NC for 1 week; HPD group: control and GCGKO mice fed HPD for 1 week. (b) Body weight, (c) WAT, BAT, skeletal muscle (TA: tibialis anterior; Gc: gastrocnemius; Qf: quadriceps femoris), and (d) liver weight in NC-fed control mice (black bars; n = 8), HPD-fed control mice (orange bars; n = 8), NC-fed GCGKO mice (white bars; n = 8), and HPD-fed GCGKO mice (green bars; n = 8) after 1 week of feeding (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001). (e) Food intake and (f) food consumption of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and total calories in NC-fed control mice (black bars; n = 8), HPD-fed control mice (orange bars; n = 8), NC-fed GCGKO mice (white bars; n = 8), and HPD-fed GCGKO mice (green bars; n = 8) after 1 week of feeding (** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001). (g) mRNA expression levels of Pepck in the duodenum and jejunum in NC-fed control mice (black bars; n = 6), HPD-fed control mice (orange bars; n = 8), NC-fed GCGKO mice (white bars; n = 7), and HPD-fed GCGKO mice (green bars; n = 8) after 1 week of feeding (* p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.