Table 2.

Chitosan-based nanocarriers and their mechanism.

Nanocarrier Component	Loaded Drug	Vivo or Vitro	Efficacy Mechanism	Reference
Chitosan nanocarrier	Gemcitabine	In vitro	Oral adsorption	[65]
Chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol)	Gemcitabine	In vitro and in vivo	Reduce the burden of frequent dosing and higher toxicity	[66]
Chitosan nanoparticle	Herceptin (HER2)conjugated gemcitabine	In vitro	Eventual uptake and prolonged intracellular retention	[67]
O-carboxymethyl chitosan	Curcumin	In vitro	Increase drug solubility	[68]
N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan micelles	Paclitaxel	In vitro	Solubilization of hydrophobic drugs	[69]
Glycol chitosan–5βcholanic acid (HGC)	Camptothecin	In vitro and in vivo	Increase drug stability, solubility and retention	[70]
Hydroxyapatite chitosan nanocomposite	Celecoxib	In vitro and in vivo	Sustained-release patterns	[71]