Table 2.
Association of betel nut chewing history with baseline MetS and its components in all study participants (n = 121,423) using multivariable logistic regression analysis.
| Variables | Baseline MetS | Baseline Abdominal Obesity | Baseline Hypertriglyceridemia | Baseline Low HDL-Cholesterol | Baseline Hyperglycemia | Baseline High Blood Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Betel nut chewing history | 1.629 (1.535–1.730) ** | 1.550 (1.465–1.640) ** | 1.488 (1.399–1.582) ** | 1.529 (1.435–1.630) ** | 1.222 (1.151–1.297) ** | 1.139 (1.075–1.206) ** |
| Age (per 1 year) | 1.051 (1.049–1.053) ** | 1.029 (1.027–1.030) ** | 1.015 (1.013–1.016) ** | 1.019 (1.017–1.020) ** | 1.072 (1.070–1.074) ** | 1.076 (1.074–1.077) ** |
| Male (vs. female) | 0.653 (0.627–0.680) ** | 0.258 (0.248–0.267) ** | 1.463 (1.403–1.526) ** | 0.257 (0.247–0.268) ** | 1.430 (1.374–1.489) ** | 1.720 (1.660–1.783) ** |
| Smoking history | 1.175 (1.130–1.222) ** | 1.132 (1.096–1.171) ** | 1.215 (1.168–1.265) ** | 1.209 (1.164–1.256) ** | 1.086 (1.044–1.130) ** | 0.925 (0.892–0.959) ** |
| Alcohol drinking history | 1.052 (0.998–1.108) | 1.121 (1.070–1.175) ** | 0.918 (0.870–0.969) * | 0.754 (0.712–0.799) ** | 1.258 (1.195–1.324) ** | 1.299 (1.237–1.364) ** |
| Regular exercise habits | 0.710 (0.688–0.732) ** | 0.737 (0.718–0.757) ** | 0.684 (0.662–0.707) ** | 0.761 (0.738–0.784) ** | 0.869 (0.842–0.896) ** | 0.943 (0.917–0.970) ** |
| Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.002 (1.001–1.003) ** | 0.989 (0.988–0.990) ** | 1.042 (1.041–1.043) ** | 0.954 (0.953–0.955) ** | 1.000 (0.999–1.000) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) |
| LDL-cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 0.998 (0.9970.999) ** | 1.016 (1.015–1.017) ** | 0.966 (0.965–0.967) ** | 1.042 (1.041–1.044) ** | 1.001 (1.000–1.002) | 1.002 (1.001–1.002) ** |
| eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 1.005 (1.004–1.006) ** | 1.006 (1.005–1.006) ** | 1.005 (1.004–1.005) ** | 1.004 (1.003–1.004) ** | 1.007 (1.006–1.007) ** | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) |
| Uric acid (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.690 (1.669–1.712) ** | 1.611 (1.592–1.629) ** | 1.639 (1.617–1.661) ** | 1.532 (1.513–1.551) ** | 1.249 (1.234–1.265) ** | 1.338 (1.323–1.353) ** |
Values expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Abbreviations are the same as in Table 1. Adjusted for age, gender, smoking history, alcohol history, regular exercise habit, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, eGFR and uric acid. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001.