Table 4.
Association of betel nut chewing history with follow-up MetS and its components in follow-up participants without baseline MetS (n = 21,150) using multivariable logistic regression analysis.
| Variables | Follow-Up MetS | Follow-Up Abdominal Obesity | Follow-Up Hypertriglyceridemia | Follow-Up Low HDL-Cholesterol | Follow-Up Hyperglycemia | Follow-Up High Blood Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Betel nut chewing history | 1.352 (1.134–1.612) * | 1.197 (1.035–1.384) * | 1.326 (1.130–1.556) * | 1.345 (1.113–1.626) * | 1.153 (0.982–1.353) | 0.998 (0.865–1.152) |
| Age (per 1 year) | 1.033 (1.029–1.038) ** | 1.018 (1.015–1.021) ** | 0.996 (0.992–1.000) | 1.010 (1.006–1.014) ** | 1.058 (1.053–1.063) ** | 1.074 (1.070–1.078) ** |
| Male (vs. female) | 0.502 (0.446–0.565) ** | 0.198 (0.181–0.217) ** | 1.269 (1.137–1.416) ** | 0.239 (0.213–0.269) ** | 1.513 (1.361–1.682) ** | 1.773 (1.624–1.936) ** |
| Smoking history | 1.142 (1.017–1.283) * | 1.135 (1.041–1.238) * | 1.110 (0.996–1.235) | 1.144 (1.023–1.280) * | 0.973 (0.875–1.083) | 0.930 (0.850–1.018) |
| Alcohol drinking history | 1.085 (0.941–1.252) | 1.092 (0.978–1.220) | 0.960 (0.841–1.096) | 0.786 (0.671–0.920) * | 1.255 (1.106–1.423) ** | 1.305 (1.167–1.458) ** |
| Regular exercise habits | 0.790 (0.726–0.861) ** | 0.754 (0.708–0.802) ** | 0.753 (0.693–0.819) ** | 0.836 (0.771–0.907) ** | 0.956 (0.883–1.035) | 0.933 (0.874–0.996) * |
| Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 0.980 (0.977–0.983) ** | 0.985 (0.983–0.987) ** | 1.013 (1.011–1.016) ** | 0.925 (0.922–0.928) ** | 0.995 (0.992–0.997) ** | 0.998 (0.996–1.000) |
| LDL-cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.026 (1.023–1.030) ** | 1.022 (1.019–1.024) ** | 0.997 (0.994–0.999) * | 1.084 (1.079–1.088) ** | 1.007 (1.004–1.010) ** | 1.004 (1.002–1.007) ** |
| eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 1.004 (1.002–1.006) ** | 1.003 (1.002–1.005) ** | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | 1.003 (1.001–1.005) ** | 1.006 (1.004–1.007) ** | 1.001 (1.000–1.003) |
| Uric acid (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.483 (1.430–1.537) ** | 1.441 (1.401–1.482) ** | 1.366 (1.319–1.414) ** | 1.279 (1.235–1.325) ** | 1.161 (1.123–1.201) ** | 1.254 (1.219–1.290) ** |
Values expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Abbreviations are the same as in Table 1. Adjusted for age, gender, smoking history, alcohol history, regular exercise habit, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, eGFR and uric acid. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001.