Table 3.
Some clay-supported metal or metal oxide nanomaterial for AOPs applications.
| Clay-Supported Metal or Metal Oxide Nanomaterial | Target Molecule | Process | Remark | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MnO2 nanosheet/montmorillonite | MB | CO | MB removal achieved 99.89% at 5 min and the catalyst dose of 0.4 g/L | [99] |
| MnO2/montmorillonite | Bisphenol A | CO | Bisphenol A removal was almost 100% after 20 min of treatment | [188] |
| K-MnO2/CeO2/Palygorskite | Phenol | CO | 90% of phenol removal for the treatment at 130 °C for 103 min | [208] |
| Fe/Palygorskite | Phenol | CO | CWPO of MB using Cu NPs/montmorillonite gave complete removal | [208] |
| Fe2O3/montmorillonite | phenol | PCPO | Complete phenol oxidation reached at 90 min | [185] |
| Fe2O3/montmorillonite | Diethyl phthalate | CPO | The material showed stability and reusability with insignificant change of photocatalytic activity until 3 cycles | [186] |
| Fe2O3/montmorillonite | Toluene | CO | Complete toluene oxidation reached at 300 °C | [187] |
| MnO2/Al2O3-pillared montmorillonite | Acetone | CO | Complete acetone oxidation reached at a temperature of 7500 K | [209] |
| MnO2/ZrO2-pillared montmorillonite | Acetone | CO | 40% of acetone oxidation reached at a temperature of 7500 K | [209] |
| Cu NPs/montmorillonite | Methylene blue (MB) | CWPO | CWPO of MB using Cu NPs/montmorillonite gave complete removal | [155] |
| Cu NPs/montmorillonite | Atrazine | CWPO | Nanomaterials exhibited adsorption and catalytic oxidation activity for atrazine removal with DE of 82.12% and 85.94%, respectively | [189] |
| Cu-impregnated Al-pillared montmorillonite | Reactive orange 16 (RO16) | CWPO PCPO |
Complete removal of RO16 after 90 min by both AOP mechanisms | [190] |
| Fe/Co-pillared clay | Paracetamol | CWPO | Optimum condition for completely paracetamol removal was treatment for 6 h, H2O2 concentration of 472 mg L−1, catalyst dose of 2.5 g L−1, temperature of 80 °C, and initial pH = 3.5 | [190] |
| Zr-pillared clay | 4-nitrophenol | CWPO | Complete removal at 4 h with small amount of H2O2 and catalyst loading of 2.5 g/L) | [210] |
| Al/Zr-pillared clay | Phenol | CWPO | The optimum condition for the CWAO process is a pH of 3, reaction temperature of 100 °C, catalyst dosage of 2 g/L, and oxygen pressure of 10 bar. The reaction obeys the first-order power rate law kinetics model with the apparent activation energy of 21.306 kJ/mol | [191] |
| Zr immobilized in Cu/Al-pillared clay | Winery wastewater | CWPO | The presence of Zr enhanced the oxidation capability of the catalyst | |
| Fe- and Cu-immobilized in Zr-pillared clay (Fe/Cu/Zr-APILC) | 4-nitrophenol | CWPO | Complete removal after 2 h; the highest TOC removal (65.1% after 8 h) was obtained with Fe/Cu/Zr-APILC | [210] |
| Co-immobilized AL-pillared clay | Tartrazine | CO | Co2+ was impregnated onto aluminum-pillared clay and utilized as tartrazine oxidation via PMS | |
| Copper-pillared ferrioxalate-modified bentonite (Cu/PBC) | 4-nitrophenol | PCPO | Maximum DE of 99.89% was achieved with an excess of H2O2, and catalyst loading of 2.0 g/L during 6 min of visible light illumination. | [203] |
| Al–Fe-pillared clay | 4-NP | CWPO | Maximum DE of 99.7% with TOC removal and COD removal of 83.6% and 75%, respectively, attained after 300 min with an excess of H2O2 at 50 °C | [130] |
| Al–Cu–Fe-pillared clay | 4-NP | CWPO | Maximum DE of 99.7% with TOC removal and COD removal of 63% and 65%, respectively, attained after 300 min with an excess of H2O2 at 50 °C | [130] |
| Al–Cu PILCs | 4-NP | CWPO | Maximum DE of 99.7% with TOC removal and COD removal of 60% and 55%, respectively, attained after 300 min with an excess of H2O2 at 50 °C | [130] |
| Al/Fe-, and Al/(Fe–Cu)- bentonite | Methyl orange (MO) | CWPO | The Al/Fe-pillared bentonite attained the complete removal of MO after 1 h of reaction at room temperature | [128] |
| Cu-doped Fe-pillared Tunisian clay (Cu/Fe–PILC) | Phenol | PCPO | Cu/Fe–PILC demonstrated stability for a wide range of pH, from 3 to 7, for the PCPO process of phenol removal. Nanocomposite showed reusability with negligible metal leaching without a noticeable loss of activity | [211] |
| Fe-pillared clay (Fe-PILC) | Phenol | PCPO | Phenol removal efficiency of 100% was achieved after 60 min of photocatalytic oxidation reaction UV 254 nm | [86] |
| Fe2O3-Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NIO) supported in montmorillonite (NIOM) | MO | PCPO | NIOM exhibited a higher photocatalytic activity compared with Fe2O3–Fe3O4 | [202] |
| Fe2O3/kaolin | Rhodamine B (RhB) | PCPO | DE of 98% by using 1 g/L of catalyst and 0.05 mol/L of H2O2 for 120 min. The Fe2O3–kaolin catalyst displayed high photocatalytic activity in a wide pH range of 2.21–10.13 |