Table 3.

Effects on body weight, tissue weight, plasma lipid profile, and cytokines in db/db mice.

	Ctrl	NHDC	GNHDC	p-Value
Final body weight (g)	37.75 ± 1.02 a	35.23 ± 0.64 a	35.32 ± 1.26 a	0.1551
Body weight gain (g)	9.80 ± 0.67 a	8.01 ± 0.69 a	6.95 ± 0.79 b	0.0314
Food intake (g/day)	6.25 ± 0.20 a	5.90 ± 0.20 a	6.00 ± 0.27 a	0.5340
Water intake (mL/day)	18.31 ± 1.47 a	14.68 ± 1.65 a	14.92 ± 1.68 a	0.2216
Liver (g)	2.31 ± 0.05 a	2.13 ± 0.09 a	2.08 ± 0.12 a	0.1874
Subcutaneous adipose tissues (g)	2.46 ± 0.47 a	1.27 ± 0.16 b	1.49 ± 0.19 b	0.0247
Visceral adipose tissues (g)	1.22 ± 0.07 a	1.22 ± 0.07 a	1.12 ± 0.04 a	0.4228
Total adipose tissues (g)	5.66 ± 0.49 a	4.42 ± 0.20 b	4.57 ± 0.24 b	0.0299
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	159.39 ± 3.60 a	158.81 ± 2.57 a	146.17 ± 4.03 b	0.0193
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	76.50 ± 4.80 a	73.47 ± 2.06 a	61.29 ± 6.37 a	0.0766
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	53.54 ± 3.02 a	53.82 ± 2.10 a	54.77 ± 5.21 a	0.9205
Triacylglycerols (mg/dL)	146.78 ± 3.77 a	157.61 ± 7.09 a	146.91 ± 11.81 a	0.5736
NEFA (mEq/L)	0.73 ± 0.04 a	0.63 ± 0.02 a	0.61 ± 0.04 b	0.0444
Leptin (ng/dL)	30.05 ± 1.24 a	31.27 ± 1.74 a	25.67 ± 3.37 a	0.2161
Adiponectin (ng/dL)	0.54 ± 0.02 ab	0.50 ± 0.02 a	0.62 ± 0.04 b	0.0377
Insulin (ng/dL)	1.77 ± 0.28 a	2.95 ± 0.36 b	1.42 ± 0.24 a	0.0035
HOMA-IR	41.28 ± 21.05 ab	58.86 ± 20.98 a	29.83 ± 19.39 b	0.0206

All data are presented in mean ± SEM (n = 9 per group) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with a Newman–Keuls post hoc test. The p-values for one-way ANOVA are presented. NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; Ctrl, control; NHDC, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone; GNHDC, NHDC-O-glycoside. The same letter indicates no significant differences (p > 0.05) and different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05, ANOVA).