Table 5.
Concentration (μg/L) of wine volatiles from Aglianico red wines obtained by early basal leaf removal treatments.
| Compounds | CT | DN | DS | DNS | Sig. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Alcohols | |||||||||
| 2-methyl-1-propanol | 998.2 | 15.5 | 1744.4 | 650.6 | 1851.1 | 493.5 | 1810.7 | 73.5 | ns |
| 2+3-methyl-1-butanol | 25,880.4 | 696.8 | 49,220.0 | 18,132.0 | 45,350.7 | 11,548.9 | 38,843.5 | 2471.5 | ns |
| 3-methyl-1-pentanol | 32.1 a | 1.4 | 54.8 ab | 16.5 | 62.7 b | 8.1 | 60.4 b | 2.6 | * |
| 2,3-butanediol | 108.8 a | 4.0 | 273.8 b | 100.3 | 301.7 b | 53.2 | 360.1 b | 48.4 | ** |
| 1-octanol | 158.5 a | 9.8 | 334.7 b | 91.1 | 302.8 ab | 64.9 | 290.1 ab | 20.3 | * |
| 3-methylthiopropanol | 222.3 | 15.8 | 429.5 | 163.9 | 353.0 | 114.3 | 300.9 | 21.9 | ns |
| Benzyl alcohol | 24.3 | 1.2 | 46.1 | 17.1 | 43.7 | 11.3 | 38.5 | 2.7 | ns |
| 2-phenylethanol | 29,468.0 | 912.4 | 52,814.4 | 16,824.5 | 48,537.4 | 10,200.5 | 42,152.7 | 2555.7 | ns |
| C6 compounds | |||||||||
| 1-hexanol | 669.0 a | 30.1 | 1366.4 b | 390.2 | 1109.2 ab | 212.9 | 1071.1 ab | 68.1 | * |
| E-3-hexenol | 25.2 | 2.0 | 46.3 | 17.1 | 42.2 | 18.4 | 33.9 | 8.2 | ns |
| 2-ethyl-hexanol | 40.8 | 2.7 | 68.5 | 31.1 | 64.2 | 15.3 | 63.4 | 5.9 | ns |
| Terpenes + C13 Norisoprenoids | |||||||||
| a-terpineol | 39.5 | 5.9 | 79.1 | 25.1 | 67.0 | 13.9 | 73.1 | 11.4 | ns |
| E-8-hydroxy linalool | 57.3 a | 8.5 | 184.3 b | 45.4 | 166.5 b | 39.4 | 143.4 b | 11.6 | ** |
| 3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-b-ionol | 57.7 | 27.8 | 85.9 | 49.7 | 51.2 | 0.9 | 51.9 | 13.7 | ns |
| 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-a-ionol | 62.0 | 15.4 | 83.9 | 21.3 | 100.2 | 40.3 | 74.6 | 24.9 | ns |
| Esters + Acetates | |||||||||
| Isoamylacetate | 116.4 | 15.8 | 200.4 | 38.8 | 279.8 | 45.5 | 178.4 | 15.1 | ns |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 140.5 | 28.8 | 268.3 | 88.2 | 220.8 | 16.0 | 208.5 | 30.0 | ns |
| Hexyl acetate | 0.0 a | 0.0 | 0.0 a | 0.0 | 56.8 b | 22.8 | 53.5 b | 14.2 | ** |
| Ethyl lactate | 812.4 | 37.4 | 1708.7 | 676.4 | 1413.6 | 426.4 | 1059.4 | 49.0 | ns |
| Ethyl octanoate | 77.8 | 1.0 | 127.9 | 42.3 | 113.1 | 16.1 | 93.7 | 19.9 | ns |
| Diethyl succinate | 6128.4 a | 373.3 | 13,403.3 b | 3146.3 | 10,634.5 ab | 1543.2 | 11,683.6 b | 503.5 | ** |
| 2-phenylethylacetate | 32.7 | 3.9 | 62.0 | 20.8 | 56.7 | 9.5 | 59.1 | 3.4 | ns |
| Diethyl malate | 1701.6 a | 61.9 | 3484.5 b | 1019.1 | 2866.3 ab | 580.8 | 2882.1 ab | 191.0 | * |
| Ethyl myristate | 101.5 a | 3.0 | 240.8 b | 53.7 | 192.5 b | 19.8 | 221.9 b | 16.3 | ** |
| Volatile acids | |||||||||
| Isobutyric acid | 107.5 | 4.4 | 209.8 | 74.1 | 208.5 | 57.0 | 196.5 | 24.4 | ns |
| 2+3-methylbutanoic acid | 214.9 | 13.1 | 393.7 | 156.0 | 347.1 | 122.9 | 269.3 | 34.4 | ns |
| Hexanoic acid | 317.1 | 10.5 | 562.3 | 172.4 | 536.1 | 119.3 | 439.2 | 26.4 | ns |
| Octanoic acid | 597.3 a | 30.4 | 1124.4 b | 241.6 | 1041.5 b | 148.3 | 787.5 ab | 35.0 | ** |
| Nonanoic acid | 687.7 a | 25.0 | 1474.3 b | 393.7 | 1312.9 b | 213.0 | 1456.5 b | 88.8 | ** |
| Decanoic acid | 197.3 a | 19.8 | 437.2 b | 117.9 | 366.1 ab | 59.6 | 307.8 ab | 32.9 | * |
| Hexadecanoic acid | 79.9 | 22.4 | 151.6 | 71.5 | 127.0 | 49.1 | 102.1 | 2.9 | ns |
| Aldehydes | |||||||||
| Phenylethanal | 67.9 | 5.3 | 88.8 | 27.3 | 88.7 | 13.0 | 71.5 | 3.2 | ns |
| Volatile Phenols | |||||||||
| 4-ethylguaiacol | 51.3 a | 3.1 | 37.3 | 7.4 | 41.2 | 13.3 | 48.4 | 6.4 | ns |
| 4-ethylphenol | 118.1 b | 7.9 | 0.0 a | 0.0 | 0.0 a | 0.0 | 0.0 a | 0.0 | *** |
| 4-vinylguaiacol | 40.6 | 4.2 | 70.1 | 40.6 | 76.3 | 19.1 | 67.7 | 4.2 | ns |
| 4-vinylphenol | 375.1 a | 28.9 | 910.6 b | 237.6 | 711.2 ab | 84.8 | 773.4 b | 45.4 | ** |
| Lactones | |||||||||
| Butyrolactone | 382. | 14.7 | 654.1 | 227.7 | 619.9 | 145.8 | 667.2 | 47.8 | ns |
Different letters indicate significant differences for Tukey’s test at p < 0.05. Signs: *—significance at p < 0.05; **—significance at p < 0.01; ***—significance at p < 0.001; ns—not significant; CT—control; DN—defoliation on the north side of the canopy; DS—defoliation on the south side of the canopy; DNS—defoliation on both sides of the canopy.