Table 2.
Quartiles of maternal total zinc, copper, and selenium intakes during pregnancy and congenital heart defects.
| Cutoffs | Total CHDs (Ncases = 474) | VSD (Ncases = 223) | ASD (Ncases = 218) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/Controls | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 |
||
| Total zinc intake (mg/d) | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | <5.09 | 241/236 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2 | 5.09–7.21 | 110/238 | 0.45 (0.34, 0.60) | 0.65 (0.45, 0.94) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.27) | 0.61 (0.36, 1.03) |
| Quartile 3 | 7.21–10.86 | 82/237 | 0.34 (0.25, 0.46) | 0.57 (0.36, 0.91) | 0.53 (0.32, 0.86) | 0.55 (0.32, 0.96) |
| Quartile 4 | ≥10.86 | 41/237 | 0.17 (0.12, 0.25) | 0.22 (0.12, 0.42) | 0.14 (0.05, 0.35) | 0.21 (0.09, 0.48) |
| p for trend 2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | ||
| Total copper intake (mg/d) | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | <1.37 | 153/237 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.37–1.95 | 167/237 | 1.10 (0.82, 1.46) | 1.26 (0.90, 1.77) | 1.30 (0.84, 2.03) | 1.19 (0.77, 1.85) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.95–2.70 | 103/237 | 0.66 (0.48, 0.90) | 1.24 (0.82, 1.85) | 1.37 (0.81, 2.31) | 1.13 (0.68, 1.88) |
| Quartile 4 | ≥2.70 | 51/237 | 0.33 (0.23, 0.47) | 0.66 (0.38, 1.16) | 0.77 (0.37, 1.64) | 0.54 (0.26, 1.14) |
| p for trend 2 | <0.001 | 0.534 | 0.943 | 0.344 | ||
| Total selenium intake (mg/d) | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | <22.68 | 227/237 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2 | 22.68–32.45 | 124/237 | 0.55 (0.41, 0.73) | 0.70 (0.50, 0.99) | 0.64 (0.40, 1.01) | 0.71 (0.45, 1.13) |
| Quartile 3 | 32.45–46.61 | 76/237 | 0.33 (0.24, 0.46) | 0.52 (0.33, 0.81) | 0.47 (0.26, 0.85) | 0.55 (0.31, 0.98) |
| Quartile 4 | ≥46.51 | 47/237 | 0.21 (0.14, 0.30) | 0.29 (0.15, 0.54) | 0.13 (0.05, 0.34) | 0.25 (0.11, 0.59) |
| P for trend 2 | <0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.003 | ||
| Total zinc to copper ratio | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | <3.10 | 225/237 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2 | 3.10–3.84 | 92/237 | 0.41 (0.30, 0.55) | 0.59 (0.41, 0.84) | 0.64 (0.41, 1.00) | 0.67 (0.43, 1.05) |
| Quartile 3 | 3.84–4.81 | 69/237 | 0.31 (0.22, 0.42) | 0.43 (0.29, 0.63) | 0.42 (0.26, 0.70) | 0.40 (0.24, 0.67) |
| Quartile 4 | ≥4.81 | 88/237 | 0.39 (0.29, 0.53) | 0.58 (0.41, 0.82) | 0.49 (0.30, 0.78) | 0.66 (0.44, 0.98) |
| p for trend 2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.017 | ||
| Total selenium to copper ratio | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | <13.48 | 197/237 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2 | 13.48–16.68 | 101/237 | 0.51 (0.38, 0.69) | 0.65 (0.46, 0.92) | 0.58 (0.37, 0.91) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.48) |
| Quartile 3 | 16.68–21.61 | 75/237 | 0.38 (0.28, 0.52) | 0.45 (0.31, 0.65) | 0.36 (0.22, 0.59) | 0.48 (0.29, 0.78) |
| Quartile 4 | ≥21.61 | 101/237 | 0.51 (0.38, 0.69) | 0.65 (0.46, 0.93) | 0.48 (0.30, 0.77) | 0.70 (0.44, 1.10) |
| p for trend 2 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
| Total zinc to selenium ratio | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | <0.19 | 139/237 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.19–0.22 | 127/237 | 0.91 (0.68, 1.23) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.22) | 0.94 (0.59, 1.50) | 0.88 (0.56, 1.38) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.22–0.27 | 119/237 | 0.86 (0.63, 1.16) | 1.02 (0.71, 1.45) | 1.34 (0.84, 2.14) | 0.99 (0.63, 1.56) |
| Quartile 4 | ≥0.27 | 89/237 | 0.64 (0.46, 0.88) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.23) | 1.07 (0.65, 1.76) | 0.94 (0.59, 1.50) |
| p for trend 2 | 0.008 | 0.588 | 0.451 | 0.925 | ||
ASD—atrial septal defects; CHDs—congenital heart defects; VSD—ventricular septal defects. 1 Adjusted for total energy intake in pregnancy, socio-demographic characteristics (maternal age, residence, education, work, and parity), maternal health-related factors in the first trimester (folate/iron supplements use, passive smoking, medication use, and anemia), and dietary diversity score. 2 p for trend across quartiles is calculated using the median for each quartile as a continuous variable.