Table 3.
Maternal total zinc, copper, and selenium intakes categorized by the recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs) during pregnancy and congenital heart defects.
| Total CHDs (Ncases = 474) | VSD (Ncases = 223) | ASD (Ncases = 218) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/Controls | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 |
|
| Total zinc intake | |||||
| Below the RNI | 406/639 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Met the RNI | 68/309 | 0.35 (0.26, 0.46) | 0.56 (0.37, 0.84) | 0.46 (0.26, 0.82) | 0.53 (0.31, 0.91) |
| p | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.021 | |
| Total copper intake | |||||
| Below the RNI | 72/80 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Met the RNI | 402/868 | 0.51 (0.37, 0.72) | 0.96 (0.63, 1.47) | 0.91 (0.53, 1.55) | 0.85 (0.50, 1.44) |
| p | <0.001 | 0.860 | 0.728 | 0.540 | |
| Total selenium intake | |||||
| Below the RNI | 460/837 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Met the RNI | 14/111 | 0.23 (0.13, 0.40) | 0.23 (0.11, 0.49) | 0.17 (0.05, 0.51) | 0.18 (0.07, 0.47) |
| p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
ASD—atrial septal defects; CHDs—congenital heart defects; VSD—ventricular septal defects; RNI—recommended nutrients intake. 1 Adjusted for total energy intake in pregnancy, socio-demographic characteristics (maternal age, residence, education, work, and parity), maternal health-related factors in the first trimester (folate/iron supplements use, passive smoking, medication use, and anemia), and dietary diversity score.