Table 4.

A summary of validated screening tools used to identify those at risk for low energy availability, eating disorders, female athlete triad, or body dissatisfaction.

Author Year	Name of Tool/Metric	Primary Focus	Direct or Indirect	Target Population
Low Energy Availability
Loucks 1994, 2011 [6,27]	Energy Availability Assessment	Energy availability	Direct	All athletes
Melin 2014 [12]	Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q)	Identify those at risk of LEA	Indirect	Adult female athletes
Slater 2016 [130]	Low Energy Availability Amongst New Zealand Athletes (LEANZA) questionnaire	Identify those at risk of LEA	Indirect	Adult female athletes
Heikura 2021 [131]	Lab markers (i.e., T3, T4, LH, hepcidin, Testosterone, etc.)	Identify biomarkers that may indicate risk of LEA	Indirect	Female and male athletes
Staal 2018 [23]	Resting Metabolic Rate Ratio	Identify those at risk of LEA via suppressed metabolic rate	Indirect	Female ballet dancers
Eating Disorders
Black 2003 [132]	The Bulimia Test-Revised	Screening test designed to assess bulimia-type characteristics	Indirect	Female athletes
Garner 1982 [133]	Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)	Screening tool for anorexia nervosa	Indirect	Adult females
Berg 2012 [134]	Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire	Self-reported questionnaire for the assessment and diagnoses of the DSM-IV eating disorders	Indirect	Adult females
Garner 2004 [135]	Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-3)	Self-reported measure for identifying eating disorder patterns and associated psychological constructs	Indirect	Valid in individuals aged 13 to 53 years for identifying disordered eating patterns and has high reliability (Cronbach a mean = 0.94, range = 0.90–0.97)
Kennedy 2021 [136]	Disordered Eating Screening Tool for Athletes (DESA-6)	Screening tool for disordered eating	Indirect	Adolescent athletes
Martinsen 2014 [137]	Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire (BEDA-Q)	Brief questionnaire able to discriminate between female elite athletes with and without an eating disorder	Indirect	High school female athletes
McNulty 2001 [138]	Female Athlete Screening Tool (FAST)	Screening tool to identify eating disorders	Indirect	Collegiate female athletes
Nagel 2000 [139]	Athletic Milieu Direct Questionnaire (AMDQ) version 2	Screening tool to identify eating disorders	Indirect	Female athletes
Stice 2004 [140]	Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale	A brief self-report measure for diagnosing anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder	Indirect	Adolescent, collegiate, and adult females
Female Athlete Triad
Otis 1997 [141]	Menstrual Cycle	Used to assess delayed menarche, menstrual irregularities or amenorrhea	Direct	Female athletes
Otis 1997 [141]	Bone Mineral Density	Low BMC or BMD * is defined as a BMC or areal BMD Z-score that is ≤−2.0, adjusted for age, gender and body size, as appropriate. [142] * American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) defines low BMC or BMD as a Z-score that is less than −1.0 in female athletes in weight-bearing sports	Direct	Multiple populations
Otis 1997 [141]	Eating Disorder (see above examples: FAST. AMDQ, DESA-6, EAT, EDI-3, BEDA-Q)	See above examples	Indirect
Body Image/Dissatisfaction
Orbach 1998 [143]	Body Image Investment Scale	Identify those at risk for body image issues	Indirect	Boys and girls (age: 13–19 years) 3–19 years
Garner 2004 [135]	Eating Disorder Inventory-3 subscale c: body dissatisfaction	Identify risk factors for eating disorder associated with body dissatisfaction	Indirect	Valid in individuals aged 13 to 53 years for identifying disordered eating patterns and has high reliability (Cronbach a mean = 0.94, range = 0.90–0.97)
Sandoz 2013 [144] Lucena-Santos 2017 [145]	The Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire	Evaluates body image flexibility and dissatisfaction	Indirect	Females
Cash 1995 [146]	Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire	Attitudinal body-image assessment that considers physical attributes	Indirect	Female college students
Cash 2004 [147]	Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire	Assessed body image disturbance	Indirect	Male and female college students
Kong 2013 [7]	Figure Rating Scale	Identify body satisfaction and views on body shape	Indirect	Female athletes
Cooper 1987 [148] Goltz 2013 [149]	Body Shape Questionnaire	Identify concerns associated with body image	Indirect	Young men and women, athletes and non-athletes

LH = Luteinizing hormone, T3 = Triiodothyronine; T4 = Thyroxine.