Table 1.
Characteristics of participants of the parent RCT at baseline and follow-up surveys.
| Characteristics | At Baseline (n = 400) |
At the First Follow-Up (n = 356) |
At the Second Follow-Up (n = 310) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at survey (years) | 65.0 (58.0, 70.0) | 66.5 (60.0, 71.5) | 68.0 (60.0, 73.0) |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 174 (43.5) | 155 (43.5) | 132 (42.6) |
| Women | 226 (56.5) | 201 (56.5) | 178 (57.4) |
| Educational level | |||
| Primary school or below | 96 (24.0) | 88 (24.7) | 77 (24.8) |
| Junior high school | 146 (36.5) | 130 (36.5) | 114 (36.8) |
| Senior high or vocational school | 97 (24.2) | 81 (22.8) | 71 (22.9) |
| College or above | 61 (15.3) | 57 (16.0) | 48 (15.5) |
| Duration of diabetes (year) | 9 (5, 14) | 10 (6, 15) | 11 (7, 17) |
| Diagnosis of hypertension | 272 (68.0) | 244 (68.5) | 213 (68.7) |
| Diagnosis of hyperlipidemia | 126 (31.5) | 117 (32.9) | 97 (31.3) |
| Intervention status in parent trial | |||
| Health literacy group | 100 (25.0) | 84 (23.6) | 75 (24.2) |
| Exercise Group | 100 (25.0) | 97 (27.3) | 77 (24.8) |
| Comprehensive group | 100 (25.0) | 92 (25.8) | 88 (28.4) |
| Control group | 100 (25.0) | 83 (23.3) | 70 (22.6) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 (23.1, 26.8) | 24.5 (22.9, 26.5) | 24.9 (23.0, 26.6) |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) | 0.90 (0.87, 0.92) | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) |
| Physical activity (METs-hours/week) | 61 (37, 91) | 60 (34, 88) | 56 (29, 98) |
| Use of anti-diabetes medicines | |||
| Never | 12 (3.0) | 11 (3.1) | 11 (3.6) |
| Insulin shot only | 41 (10.3) | 33 (9.3) | 33 (10.7) |
| Oral agents only | 309 (77.3) | 251 (70.5) | 215 (69.4) |
| Both | 38 (9.5) | 61 (17.1) | 51 (16.5) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1557 (1211, 1864) | 1570 (1261, 1899) | 1643 (1310, 2033) |
| Sources of calorie (%) | |||
| Carbohydrate | 39 (33, 44) | 36 (30, 41) | 33 (29, 39) |
| Fat | 45 (40, 51) | 48 (41, 53) | 50 (44, 55) |
| Protein | 15 (13, 17) | 16 (14, 18) | 16 (13, 17) |
| Dietary fiber intake (g/d) | 6.9 (4.5, 10.0) | 7.4 (5.5, 9.7) | 7.1 (5.1, 11.1) |
| HbA1c level (%) | 7.8 (7.2, 8.6) | 7.8 (6.9, 9.0) | 8.0 (7.0, 9.2) |
| Glycemic status: HbA1c < 7.0% | 63 (15.8) | 94 (26.4) | 74 (23.9) |
| Glycemic status: HbA1c < 8.0% | 220 (55.0) | 189 (53.1) | 153(49.4) |
| Medications at sample collection | |||
| Use of antibiotics | -- | 31 (8.7) | 9 (2.9) |
| Use of NSAIDs | -- | 69 (19.4) | 46 (14.8) |
Data are presented as median (IQR) for continuous variables or count (percentage) for categorical variables.