Table 1.
The concentrations of identified phenolics in six invasive plant species (mg/g DW ± standard error). Data are presented as a heat map in Supplementary Figure S1.
|
Ailanthus
altissima |
Ambrosia
artemisiifolia |
Conyza
canadensis |
Dittrichia
viscosa |
Erigeron
annuus |
Xanthium
strumarium |
Stat. Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dicaffeoylquinic acids | n.d. | 3.78 ± 0.06 | 4.76 ± 0.52 | 22.36 ± 0.14 | 3.99 ± 0.33 | 11.46 ± 0.18 | |
| 3-caffeoylquinic acid | 2.44 ± 0.20 | 0.37 ± 0.00 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.61 ± 0.06 | |
| 4-caffeoylquinic acid | 2.83 ± 0.28 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | n.d. | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | |
| 5-caffeoylquinic acid | 7.42 ± 1.11 | 5.04 ± 0.15 | 2.72 ± 0.10 | 8.42 ± 0.08 | 2.86 ± 0.21 | 11.25 ± 0.09 | |
| triCQA | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.06 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.04 | |
| Caffeic acid | n.d. | 0.43 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Other caffeic acid derivatives | n.d. | 0.21 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.15 ± 0.00 | n.d. | |
| Caffeic acid derivatives total | 12.68 ± 1.62 b | 10.11 ± 0.28 b | 8.02 ± 0.77 b | 31.02 ± 0.01 a | 8.37 ± 0.72 b | 24.35 ± 0.81 a | *** |
| Caftaric acids | n.d. | 3.72 ± 0.09 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | n.d. | |
| 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid | 0.24 ± 0.05 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid | 0.68 ± 0.14 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.04 ± 0.00 | |
| p-coumaric acid derivatives | 1.02 ± 0.19 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | ** |
| 3-feruloylquinic acid | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | |
| 5-feruloylquinic acid | n.d. | 0.31 ± 0.02 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.34 ± 0.04 | |
| Ferulic acid derivatives | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 0.35 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 c | n.d. | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.35 ± 0.04 a | *** |
| Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives | 13.79 ± 1.82 b | 10.60 ± 0.29 b | 8.14 ± 0.78 b | 31.08 ± 0.11 a | 8.21 ± 0.73 b | 24.39 ± 0.42 a | *** |
| Ellagic acid | n.d. | n.d. | 3.24 ± 1.61 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Ellagic acid pentoside | 12.13 ± 2.31 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Ellagic acid hexosides | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 31.63 ± 0.43 | 1.07 ± 0.18 | n.d. | |
| Ellagic acid rhamnoside | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.07 ± 0.01 | n.d. | |
| Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives | 12.13 ± 2.39 b | n.d. | 3.24 ± 1.97 bc | 31.63 ± 0.53 a | 1.14 ± 0.23 c | n.d. | *** |
| Apigenin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.05 ± 0.01 | |
| Apigenin hexoside | 0.87 ± 0.07 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Flavones | 0.87 ± 0.07 a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | *** |
| Procyanidin dimer | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.19 ± 0.09 | |
| Epicatechin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.02 ± 0.00 | |
| Flavanols | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.21 ± 0.11 | |
| Quercetin-dihexoside | n.d. | 1.19 ± 0.06 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.15 ± 0.02 | n.d. | |
| Quercetin-galloyl-hexosides | 0.69 ± 0.07 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Quercetin-3-galactoside | 2.81 ± 0.28 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.25 ± 0.10 | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Quercetin-3-glucoside | 0.56 ± 0.05 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | *** |
| Quercetin-3-rutinoside | n.d. | 0.24 ± 0.00 | n.d. | 0.25 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.10 ± 0.02 | |
| Quercetin-3-xyloside | n.d. | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | n.d. | 0.05 ± 0.01 | |
| Quercetin-3-rhamnoside | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.27 ± 0.02 | n.d. | |
| Quercetin-3-glucuronide | n.d. | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | |
| Quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside | n.d. | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 1.32 ± 0.09 | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Quercetin-acetyl hexoside | 0.13 ± 0.02 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Kaempferol-hexoside | 1.04 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | |
| Kaempferol-acetyl-hexosides | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Kaempferol-3-rutinoside | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.31 ± 0.04 | n.d. | |
| Kaempferol-3-glucuronide | n.d. | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 1.05 ± 0.07 | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 2.95 ± 0.28 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | |
| Kaempferol-rhamnoside-hexoside | 0.10 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.09 ± 0.01 | n.d. | |
| Kaempferol-galloyl-hexoside | 0.22 ± 0.02 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | |
| Kaempferol-glucuronyl-hexoside | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | *** |
| Isorhamnetin hexoside | n.d. | 0.19 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 1.34 ± 0.07 | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Isorhamnetin acetyl hexoside | n.d. | 0.31 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside | n.d. | 0.03 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | *** |
| Myricetin-3-glucuronide | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.17 ± 0.03 | n.d. | |
| Myricetin hexoside | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.64 ± 0.02 | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Laricitrin-3-glucuronide | n.d. | 0.57 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.23 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Laricitrin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.65 ± 0.03 | |
| Syringetin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.44 ± 0.03 | |
| Flavonols | 5.97 ± 0.58 a | 4.05 ± 0.14 abc | 1.45 ± 0.14 c | 5.07 ± 0.28 ab | 4.07 ± 0.49 abc | 3.23 ± 0.10 bc | *** |
| Naringenin-hexosides | n.d. | n.d. | 0.17 ± 0.05 b | n.d. | 32.07 ± 2.05 | n.d. | *** |
| Flavanones | n.d. | n.d. | 0.17 ± 0.05 b | n.d. | 32.07 ± 2.05 | n.d. | *** |
| Vescalagin | 6.55 ± 1.27 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | *** |
| Ellagitannins | 6.55 ± 1.27 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Gallic acid | n.d. | 0.35 ± 0.01 b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
| Digalloyl-HHDP-hexoside isomer | 2.39 ± 0.52 a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | *** |
| Gallotannins | 2.39 ± 0.52 a | 0.35 ± 0.01 b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | *** |
| TOTAL | 41.70 ± 6.59 ab | 15.00 ± 0.42 b | 13.00 ± 2.90 b | 67.78 ± 0.57 a | 45.50 ± 4.32 ab | 29.02 ± 0.65 ab |
Different letters (a–c) in the same row indicate significant differences, determined by LSD range test, in phenolic content between different invasive plant species; n.d.—not detected. (*–statistically significant differences at p-value < 0.05, **–statistically significant differences at p-value < 0.001, ***–statistically significant differences at p-value < 0.0001.)