Table 2.

Interactions between the three challenges at different scales of urban health (Own elaboration).

	Climate change	Patterns of urbanization	The local government
Individual	Influencing existing coping responses, capacities and resources	Changing conditions of habitation, migration and livelihood strategies	Redefinition of relations between citizens and the local government
Household	Influencing the collective resources and access to services	Inadequacy of habitational structures and existing resources	Influencing community relations, resources, migration and livelihoods
Neighbourhood	Reliance on structures of community organisation, sharing groups, solidarity and cooperation that can support responses to existing and emerging risks	Changing collective needs, new services and demands but also erosion of former socio-ecological relations making some systems unviable	Contrast between the capacity of the local government to respond to local needs and the changing demands of people, with community groups taking the initiative to challenge existing structures of governance and resources
City	Dependent on having access to decision making, protection infrastructures, and other urban commons crucial to manage	Loss of capacity of cities to govern spaces and territories and respond to the changing needs of the population	Multiple forms of governance influencing the possibilities to intervene and delivering public health promptly and in changing contexts
Hinterland	Shaping economic and innovation networks, dependence relations, changing resources	Destruction of ecological resources and new relations of interdependence across scales	Separation from the hinterland may reduce the capacity of local governments to respond to ongoing crises