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. 2021 Oct 30;29(3):1628–1643. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.068

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and IBD: An increase in the intestinal epithelial cells permeability in IBD during gut dysbiosis induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activates T cells, macrophages and NK cells. Furthermore, during inflammation adhesion molecules are produced for leucocyte recruitment.