Fig. 6.

Possible drug delivery system of mangiferin for kidney disorders. Kidney-targeted drug delivery systems (KDDSs) serve as an interesting approach and favorable options for optimizing the pharmacokinetic profile of mangiferin and minimizing the undesired side effects. Following oral delivery, mangiferin was subjected to the first-pass effect, which is a significant barrier for mangiferin. Therefore, Liposomal encapsulation, polymeric nanoparticles, and emulsions are being used to regulate the distribution of phytochemicals and to address some of the shortcomings related to free compounds, such as poor bioavailability. The glomerular vascular fenestrations, which normally have a width of 70–130 nm, provide direct access to the mesangial region thus nanocarriers with dimensions of 70–130 nm, can thereby extravasate via the glomerular vasculature for in-situ targeting in the mesangial region.