Fig. 7.

Overview of reno-protective actions of mangiferin against kidney disorders through different signaling pathways. Mangiferin significantly reduced kidney morphological damage as well as inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptotic histological markers. The inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF- α were also decreased by mangiferin. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of mangiferin were mediated by Nrf2 and NF-κB. Abbreviations: AGEs, Advanced glycation end products; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; AQP2, Aquaporin 2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Glo-1, glyoxalase; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IL-8, Interleukin-8; IL-18, Interleukin-18; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; OAT10, renal organic anion transporter 10; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; NLRP3, Nod-like receptor protein 3; Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PKC, Protein kinase C; ULK1, Unc51-like kinase 1; rGLUT9, renal glucose transporter 9; rURAT1, renal urate-anion transporter 1; TGF-1β, Transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF-α, T necrosis factor α; Tregs, Regulatory T cells.