Table 1.
Natural source, evaluated model of diseases, reported effect, and pathway of natural compounds and drugs.
| Compound | Source | Effect | Pathway | Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSP | S. sagittifolia | ↑gene and protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 | Nrf2/HO-1 | mice | (119) |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa | ↑HO-1 mRNA in the liver, ↓oxidative stress and inflammation | Nrf2/HO-1 and TGF-β1/Smad3 | CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice | (131) |
| Fraxetin | Coumarin derivative | ↑mRNA and protein expression of HO-1 | Akt/Nrf2 or AMPKα/Nrf2 | HaCaT human keratinocytes | (122) |
| Carnosol | Herb rosemary | ↑HO-1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels | ERK, p38, JNK and PI3K | PC12 cells | (123) |
| Quercetin | Foods of plant origin | ↑HO-1 expression at both transcription and translation levels | p38MAPK | RASMCs | (124) |
| Resveratrol | Fruits and vegetables | ↑HO-1 expression, ↓Aβ1-42-induced oxidative stress | PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 | Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells | (125) |
| Anthocyanins | Vegetables, flowers, and fruits | ↑Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA levels, ↑GSH and GPx activity, ↓MDA and ROS levels | Nrf2/HO-1 | Diabetes-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat retinas | (126) |
| Celastrol | Thunder God Vine and Celastrus regelii plant | ↑Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, ↓mRNA levels of macrophage M1 biomarkers | Nrf2/HO-1, MAPK and NF-κB | Diet-induced obese C57BL/6N male mice | (127) |
| Sulforaphane | Broccoli | ↑HO-1 expression, ↓inflammatory response | PI3K/Akt | MALP-2-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice | (128) |
| Auranofin | an FDA- approved drug | ↑Hmox1 mRNA levels | Nrf2 | Nrf2KO1.3 and Nrf2KO2.2 mtCCs | (129) |
| PMA | Natural compounds that activate PKC | ↑HO-1 gene expression | NF-κB, p38 MAPK and CK2 | RAW264.7 monocytes and p65(-/-) mice | (130) |
Only the part of studies where HO-1 induction was evaluated are listed.