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. 2022 Mar 10;12:4222. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08206-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histograms showing the distribution of migraine, ETTH, other types of headache or absence of headache in all phenotypic (a) and genotypic (b) groups of mitochondrial disorders. Legend: light blue = includes migraine without aura, migraine with aura, hemiplegic migraine, chronic migraine, probable migraine without or with aura; dark blue = episodic tension-type headache, black = other types of headache; grey = no headache sufferers. Abbreviations: ADOA = autosomal dominant optic atrophy; CPEO = chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia; KSS = Kearns-Sayre syndrome; MELAS = mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes; MICU1 = mitochondrial calcium uptake 1; MM = other mitochondrial myopathy. DGUOK = deoxyguanosine kinase; MELAS = mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes; MGME1 = mitochondrial genome maintenance exonuclease 1; MICU1 = mitochondrial calcium uptake 1; MM = other point mtDNA mutations; multiple deletions: multiple mtDNA deletions; OPA1 = OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; POLG = DNA polymerase gamma; single deletion = single mtDNA deletion.