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. 2022 Mar 10;12:3915. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07853-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Charge and discharge profiles of a high-voltage cell (twelve single cells connected in series) with different C rates (1 C, 2 C, 4 C, and 8 C). The inset shows the capacity retention rates of a single cell and a high-voltage cell based on the capacities at a 1 C rate. (b) Charge and discharge profiles of a high-voltage cell at a 1 C rate for the 2nd and 100th cycle. (c) The capacity retention rate of a high-voltage cell for 100 cycles at a 1 C rate. (d) Transition of open-circuit voltage of a fully charged high-voltage cell for more than 7 days. (e) A picture of a high-voltage aqueous supercapacitor illuminating three different LED bulbs (red, green, and blue) connected in series, which requires at least 6.9 V. (f) A smartphone is charged by a high-voltage aqueous supercapacitor.