Table 2.
Socio-demographics characteristics of surveyed farmers. (SE = Standard Error).
| Characteristics | North (N = 227) | Centre (N = 53) | South (N = 138) | Study area (N = 418) | χ2-test | F-test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (%) | ||||||
| Male | 74.9 | 69.8 | 76.2 | 74.6 | 0.809 ns | – |
| Female | 25.1 | 30.2 | 23.9 | 25.4 | ||
| Education (%) | ||||||
| Illiterate | 69.2 | 62.3 | 57.2 | 64.4 | 12.482 ns | – |
| Primary | 20.1 | 24.5 | 19.6 | 20.5 | ||
| Secondary | 9.8 | 13.2 | 21 | 13.9 | ||
| University | 0.9 | – | 2.2 | 1.2 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| Mean ± SE | 43.6 ± 0.8 | 43.1 ± 1.1 | 47.6 ± 1.8 | 43.9 ± 0.6 | – | 2.648 ns |
| Range | [18–85] | [25–78] | [18–76] | [18–85] | ||
| Household size (%) | ||||||
| Mean ± SE | 9.5 ± 0.4 | 7.7 ± 0.4 | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 8.6 ± 0.2 | – | 6.009** |
| Range | [1–34] | [2–15] | [1–24] | [1–34] | ||
| Experience (years) | ||||||
| Mean ± SE | 15.1 ± 0.8 | 15.1 ± 1.9 | 11.5 ± 0.3 | 13.9 ± 0.8 | – | 3.479** |
| Range | [1–66] | [1–37] | [1–60] | [1–66] | ||
| Cultivated area (ha) | ||||||
| Mean ± SE | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | – | 27.581*** |
| Range | [0.05–16] | [0.25–5] | [0.25–8] | [0.05–16] | ||
| Access to land (%) | ||||||
| Owner | 78.6 | 71.7 | 60.9 | 71.8 | – | – |
| Rental | 20 | 28.3 | 23.9 | 22.4 | ||
| Community | 1.4 | – | 15.2 | 5.8 | ||
| Total workforce (%) | ||||||
| Family | 76.9 | 57.7 | 44.5 | 61.3 | – | – |
| Paid worker | 21.6 | 39.7 | 53.2 | 36.7 | ||
| Community | 1.5 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2 | ||
| Sources of income (%) | ||||||
| Agriculture | 93.3 | 84.9 | 97.9 | 93.7 | – | – |
| Trade | 5.1 | 7.5 | 0.7 | 4.1 | ||
| Transformation | – | 5.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | ||
| Hairdresser | 0.4 | 1.9 | – | 0.5 | ||
| Welder | 0.4 | – | – | 0.2 | ||
| Pension | – | – | 0.7 | 0.2 | ||
| Carpenter | 0.4 | – | – | 0.2 | ||
| Blacksmith | 0.4 | – | – | 0.2 | ||
| Membership of a rice farmers association (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 58.2 | 52.8 | 88.4 | 68.3 | – | – |
| No | 41.8 | 47.2 | 11.6 | 31.7 | ||
| Agricultural equipment (%) | ||||||
| Tractors | 3.1 | – | – | 1.7 | – | – |
| Plough | 21.2 | – | – | 11.5 | ||
| Cattle | 19.8 | – | – | 10.7 | ||
| None | 55.9 | 100 | 100 | 76.1 | ||