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. 2022 Mar 10;12:3959. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07946-2

Table 8.

Comparison of qualitative and quantitative variables between rice farming systems.

Clusters p
C1 C2 C3 C4
Qualitative variables
Education Illiterate 89 (66.9) 68 (71.6) 35 (71.4) 77 (55.4) 0.018
Primary 25 (18.8) 21 (22.1) 10 (20.4) 28 (20.1)
Secondary 16 (12.0) 6 (6.3) 4 (8.2) 32 (23.0)
University 3 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.4)
FH No 92 (69.2) 69 (72.6) 43 (87.8) 106 (76.3) 0.074
Yes 41 (30.8) 26 (27.4) 6 (12.2) 33 (23.7)
FW No 23 (17.3) 4 (4.2) 6 (12.2) 45 (32.4) < 0.001
Yes 110 (82.7) 91 (95.8) 43 (87.8) 94 (67.6)
GE No 63 (47.4) 89 (93.7) 23 (46.9) 30 (21.6) < 0.001
Yes 70 (52.6) 6 (6.3) 26 (53.1) 109 (78.4)
HFL No 68 (51.1) 87 (91.6) 40 (81.6) 18 (12.9) < 0.001
Yes 65 (48.9) 8 (8.4) 9 (18.4) 121 (87.1)
InI No 127 (95.5) 95 (100.0) 40 (81.6) 137 (98.6) < 0.001
Yes 6 (4.5) 0 (0.0) 9 (18.4) 2 (1.4)
Irrigation No 128 (96.2) 95 (100.0) 30 (61.2) 109 (78.4) < 0.001
Yes 5 (3.8) 0 (0.0) 19 (38.8) 30 (21.6)
LO No 27 (20.3) 24 (25.3) 16 (32.7) 33 (23.7) 0.377
Yes 106 (79.7) 71 (74.7) 33 (67.3) 106 (76.3)
AT No 133 (100.0) 95 (100.0) 6 (12.2) 139 (100.0) < 0.001
Yes 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 43 (87.8) 0 (0.0)
MA No 48 (36.1) 81 (85.3) 18 (36.7) 6 (4.3) < 0.001
Yes 85 (63.9) 14 (14.7) 31 (63.3) 133 (95.7)
MH No 41 (30.8) 26 (27.4) 6 (12.2) 33 (23.7) 0.074
Yes 92 (69.2) 69 (72.6) 43 (87.8) 106 (76.3)
MO No 125 (94.0) 95 (100.0) 5 (10.2) 138 (99.3) < 0.001
Yes 8 (6.0) 0 (0.0) 44 (89.8) 1 (0.7)
NGOS No 109 (82.0) 95 (100.0) 44 (89.8) 89 (64.0) < 0.001
Yes 24 (18.0) 0 (0.0) 5 (10.2) 50 (36.0)
OFI No 103 (77.4) 92 (96.8) 45 (91.8) 77 (55.4) < 0.001
Yes 30 (22.6) 3 (3.2) 4 (8.2) 62 (44.6)
OSR No 123 (92.5) 92 (96.8) 27 (55.1) 92 (66.2) < 0.001
Yes 10 (7.5) 3 (3.2) 22 (44.9) 47 (33.8)
RA No 11 (8.3) 27 (28.4) 3 (6.1) 9 (6.5) < 0.001
Yes 122 (91.7) 68 (71.6) 46 (93.9) 130 (93.5)
RMC No 65 (48.9) 54 (56.8) 36 (73.5) 16 (11.5) < 0.001
Yes 68 (51.1) 41 (43.2) 13 (26.5) 123 (88.5)
TRF No 36 (27.1) 87 (91.6) 16 (32.7) 3 (2.2) < 0.001
Yes 97 (72.9) 8 (8.4) 33 (67.3) 136 (97.8)
UF No 19 (14.3) 64 (67.4) 4 (8.2) 4 (2.9) < 0.001
Yes 114 (85.7) 31 (32.6) 45 (91.8) 135 (97.1)
UIV No 19 (14.3) 43 (45.3) 19 (38.8) 1 (0.7) < 0.001
Yes 114 (85.7) 52 (54.7) 30 (61.2) 138 (99.3)
UP No 41 (30.8) 39 (41.1) 16 (32.7) 38 (27.3) 0.169
Yes 92 (69.2) 56 (58.9) 33 (67.3) 101 (72.7)
Quantitative variables
Age Mean (SD) 45.3 (12.3) 41.3 (13.0) 44.0 (12.7) 44.1 (12.7) 0.127
HS Mean (SD) 8.7 (5.3) 7.9 (3.7) 11.7 (5.3) 7.8 (4.2) < 0.001
LSO 0 (%) 130 (97.7) 95 (100.0) 8 (16.3) 139 (100.0) < 0.001
2 (%) 3 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 27 (55.1) 0 (0.0)
3 (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.0) 0 (0.0)
4 (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 13 (26.5) 0 (0.0)
TFS Mean (SD) 4.3 (5.7) 2.2 (1.8) 7.6 (8.6) 4.5 (4.6) < 0.001
LRS Mean (SD) 0.9 (0.7) 0.5 (0.3) 1.1 (0.8) 1.9 (1.9) < 0.001
TW Mean (SD) 6.3 (4.7) 3.9 (2.3) 7.6 (9.2) 13.2 (16.6) < 0.001
FOR Mean (SD) 1.7 (1.7) 1.1 (1.2) 3.2 (2.5) 3.3 (2.7) < 0.001
Experience Mean (SD) 14.8 (11.4) 12.3 (11.3) 18.0 (12.6) 12.8 (8.0) 0.008