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. 2022 Mar 10;13:1243. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28723-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A Self-repairing OECs (center) are a specific type of OECs (left) that may operate for a prolonged time as they are regenerated once they become inactive, usually with the aid of an external input (e.g., energy, pressure, chemical healing agents). Self-healing OECs (right) are a specific type of OECs that continually regenerate themselves through an equilibrium process that occurs under the operating conditions of OER. B Graphical representation of the competing effects of catalyst deposition and dissolution that give rise to the equilibrium implicit for self-healing OECs. C Based on the equilibrium shown in (B), a damaged site is continuously repaired during OER for self-healing OECs, and as the rate of repair is greater than or equal to the rate of damage, no loss of catalytic species is observed. Blue spheres represent a catalytically competent metal capable of self-healing (e.g., Mn, Co, Ni, Cu).