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. 2022 Mar 10;12:3944. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07647-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Photomicrographs of representative species of macroparasites of cichlids from the Nicaraguan lakes. The trematodes: (a) Saccocoleioides spp., (b) C. cichlasomae, (c) anterior end of A. compactum, (d) O. manteri and (e) metacercariae of Cryptogonomidae gen. sp. The monogeneans: (f) whole specimen of S. mexicanum, (g) haptor of S. mexicanum and (h) haptor of S. nicaraguense. The nematodes: (i) tail of Physocephalus sp., (j,k) larval stages of Contracaecum spp., (l) apical view of P. barlowi and (m) lateral view of the anterior end of Goezia sp. The acanthocephalans: (n) apical view of the proboscis hooks of the cystacanth Polymorphus brevis and (o) lateral view of the hooks of N. costarricense. The copepods: (p) A. margulisae anchored to a gill filament, (q) Ergasilidae gen. sp. and (r) anchor of L. cyprinacea. (s) Oral sucker of the hirudinean Myzobdella sp. (t) Ventral view of the branchiuran Argulus sp.