Fig. 8.

Novel targeted therapeutic strategies and mechanisms in MI treatment (Created with BioRender.com). In terms of the signaling pathways, potential therapeutic strategies for MI that have been proposed to include drug, gene therapy, protein therapy, cell therapy, and exosome therapy. According to the pathological process of MI, the specific targeted mechanism of these therapies could be classified into four categories: (1) anti-inflammation, (2) anti-fibrosis, (3) cardioprotection and cardiac regeneration, and (4) pro-angiogenesis. Dot-labeled subtitles refer to the representative targeting drugs or bioactive molecules. ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor antagonist, EPCs endothelial progenitor cells, lncRNA long non-coding RNA, miRNA microRNA, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin, NAC N-acetylcysteine, NLRP3 nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat family, pyrin-domain-containing 3, PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog, TGF-β1 transforming growth factor-β1, IL-1β interleukin-1β, TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4, NF-κB nuclear factor-κB, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells