Table 4.
Association of GPS quantified enacted mobility with facilitators and barriers–physical function, cognitive function, psychosocial factors, and external environment
| Category | Laboratory test | GPS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Space | Time | ||||
| Count | Extent | Shape | Duration | ||
| a Physical function | |||||
| Walking endurance | 400 m walk test | a (58)* | a (58)* | ||
| Balance | One leg standing | a (45) | a (45) | ||
| Combined function assessments | |||||
| Performance-based | Short physical performance battery | a (58)* | a (58)* | a (58)* | |
| Timed up and go | a (45) | b (45) | |||
| Self-reported | Short form survey − 36 | a (21) | a (21), a (59) | a (21), a (59) | |
| b. Cognitive function | |||||
| Executive function | Trail making test A and B | b (58) | a (59), b (55) | b (58) | |
| Planning ability | HOTAP | a (63), a (34) | |||
| Visuospatial attention | Attention window test | a (63), a (34) | |||
| Spatial memory | Grid span test | a (45) | a (63), a (34), a (45) | ||
| Working memory | Digit span test (forward and backward) | a (59) | |||
| Episodic memory | Word list learning, word list recall, logical memory-I, logical memory-II | a (59) | a (59) | a (59) | |
| c. Psychosocial factors | |||||
| Psychological | |||||
| Depression |
Geriatric depression scale Geriatric depression scale (Short version) |
a (58)* | a (58)* |
a (58)* a (59) |
|
| Negative affect | Positive and negative affect scale | b (21) | b (21) | b (21) | |
| Anxiety | State-trait anxiety inventory | b (45) | b (45) | ||
| Confidence and attitudes | |||||
| Fear of falling | Fall efficacy scale | a (58)**, b (45) | a (58)*, a (34), b (45) | a (58)* | |
| Ageism | Ageism survey scale | a (34) | |||
| Quality of life | Life satisfaction 1–10 scale | a (21) | a (21) | ||
| d. Environmental factors | |||||
| Weather | Temperature | b (34) | a (70) | ||
| Rain | a (70) | ||||
| Neighborhood | Walkability | a (71)c | |||
HOTAP attention and planning assessment scale
*association only with pedestrian-based measures; **association only with vehicular trips
aAssociation in expected direction
bNo association found
cLarger activity space for less-walkable neighborhood