. 2019 Dec 17;98(12):6849–6856. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez432

Table 3.

Effect of different levels of VA in the maternal and its offspring diets on early related hormones in goslings.

Item	Maternal VA level/(IU/kg)	Offspring VA level/(IU/kg)	T3 (ng/mL)	T4 (ng/mL)	Insulin (µIU/mL)	Growth hormone( ng/mL)
T1	0	0	0.98	19.21	5.67	0.64
T2		9,000	0.88	16.30	5.70	0.56
T3	4,000	0	1.29	19.82	6.69	0.71
T4		9,000	0.94	18.97	6.61	0.65
T5	8,000	0	1.40	19.92	6.69	0.73
T6		9,000	1.10	19.55	7.38	0.67
T7	12,000	0	1.46	21.05	6.82	0.73
T8		9,000	1.12	20.88	7.43	0.68
T9	16,000	0	0.99	20.86	6.70	0.71
T10		9,000	1.00	17.44	7.27	0.65
	SEM¹		0.03	0.32	0.13	0.01
	0		0.93^b	17.76^b	5.69^b	0.60^b
	4,000		1.12^a.,b	19.40^a,b	6.65^a	0.68^a,b
	8,000		1.25^a	19.73^a,b	7.04^a	0.70^a
	12,000		1.29^a	20.97^a	7.12^a	0.71^a
	16,000		0.99^b	19.15^a,b	6.99^a	0.68^a,b
	SEM¹		0.03	0.32	0.13	0.01
		0	1.22^a	20.17^a	6.52	0.70^a
		9,000	1.01^b	18.63^b	6.88	0.64^b
		SEM¹	0.06	0.61	0.23	0.03
P-value	Maternal VA level		0.001	0.028	0.001	0.091
	Linear		0.175	0.045	<0.001	0.047
	Quadratic		<0.001	0.020	0.012	0.051
	Offspring VA level		0.001	0.014	0.167	0.023
	Maternal VA level and offspring VA level interaction		0.120	0.227	0.746	0.998

The results are average values, n = 6 in T1 to T10, n = 12 when the maternal VA level is the main factor, and n = 30 when the VA level of the offspring is the main factor.

The same letter or no letter in the same column indicates that the difference is not significant (P > 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05).

^¹

SEM is the standard error of the mean.