Table 5.

Effect of different vitamin A levels in maternal and its offspring diets on liver antioxidant index of goslings at day old.

Item	Maternal VA level/(IU/kg)	Offspring VA level/(IU/kg)	GSH (μmol/gprot)	GSH-PX (U/mgprot)	SOD (U/mgprot)	MDA (nmol/mgprot)	T-AOC (μmol/gprot)	CAT (U/mgprot)
T1	0	0	29.82	142.49	179.63	1.83	69.35	114.63
T2		9,000	35.05	165.73	152.15	0.41	74.43	117.91
T3	4,000	0	47.25	158.50	241.64	0.89	70.24	109.90
T4		9,000	43.84	190.10	292.20	0.33	86.23	154.40
T5	8,000	0	52.47	197.83	283.24	0.78	76.71	126.01
T6		9,000	50.29	225.67	309.22	0.33	93.47	161.37
T7	12,000	0	43.57	175.03	243.92	0.79	72.51	116.46
T8		9,000	51.49	220.76	340.63	0.29	96.84	170.95
T9	16,000	0	39.43	169.59	238.69	0.78	76.08	110.46
T10		9,000	44.35	205.20	303.05	0.40	87.11	145.30
	SEM1		1.06	4.10	8.03	0.06	1.53	3.27
	0		32.43d	154.11d	165.89b	1.12a	71.89b	116.27b
	4,000		45.54b,c	174.30c,d	266.92a	0.61b	78.24a,b	132.15a,b
	8,000		51.38a	211.75a	296.23a	0.55b	85.09a	143.69a
	12,000		47.53a,b	197.89a,b	292.28a	0.54b	84.67a	143.71a
	16,000		41.89c	187.40b,c	270.87a	0.59b	81.59a	127.88a,b
	SEM1		1.06	4.10	8.03	0.06	1.53	3.27
		0	42.51	170.93b	237.42b	1.01a	71.01b	115.49b
		9,000	45.00	199.25a	279.45a	0.35b	78.67a	149.99a
		SEM1	2.12	7.40	15.23	0.08	2.55	4.80
P-value	Maternal VA level		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.004	0.032	0.034
	Linear		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.004	0.014	0.117
	Quadratic		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.011	0.035	0.005
	Offspring VA level		0.243	<0.001	0.008	<0.001	0.004	<0.001
	Maternal VA level and offspring VA level interaction		0.017	0.684	<0.001	<0.001	0.053	<0.001

The results are average values, n = 6 in T1 to T10, n = 12 when the maternal VA level is the main factor, and n = 30 when the VA level of the offspring is the main factor.

The same letter or no letter in the same column indicates that the difference is not significant (P > 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05).

¹SEM is the standard error of the mean.