Table 2.

Egg proteins and peptides with anticancer activity.

Protein	Enzymes used for making peptides	Mechanism of activity	References
Cystatin	–	-Inhibited tumor-associated activity of intracellular cysteine protease -Reduced the activities of cathepsins B and L which are related with invasion ability of cancer cells	Cegnar et al. (2004) Muehlenweg et al. (2000) Premzl et al. (2001) Saleh et al. (2003)
Avidin	–	- Used in avidin-biotinylated TNF-α system and led to increased binding and persistence of TNF-α on tumor cells	Corti et al. (1998) Gasparri et al. (1999) Moro et al. (1997)
Lysozyme	–	-Directly activated immune cells or increased tumor cell immunogenicity -Reduced tumor growth and prevented tumor metastasis formation	Das et al. (1992) Mahanta et al. (2015) Pacor et al. (1996, 1999) Sava (1989) Sava et al. (1989, 1991, 1995) Scherbakova et al. (2002)
Phosvitin	–	-Inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines -Protected the damage of DNA	Moon et al. (2014)
IgY	–	- Recognized DR 5 receptor of TRAIL which induces apoptosis of MCF-7 cells	Amirijavid and Hashemi (2015) Amirijavid et al. (2014)
Ovomucin	Pronase	-β-subunit of ovomucin showed cytotoxicity in cultured tumor cells -Glycopeptide had an antitumor activity preventing edematous changes and neoangiogenesis of tumor cells	Oguro et al. (2000) Ohami et al. (1993) Watanabe et al. (1998)
Ovotransferrin	Trypsin, protamex, neutrase, flavozyme, α-chymotrypsin, alcalase, protex 6L, collupulin MG, thermolysin, promod 278	-Remarkably inhibited the proliferation of cancerous MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells -Induced apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway -Showed increased cytotoxic activity after enzyme hydrolysis -Two-step enzyme hydrolysates showed higher cytotoxic activity than single enzyme hydrolysates	Ibrahim and Kiyono (2009) Lee et al. (2017a) Moon et al. (2012, 2013)
Egg white protein	Alcalase, chymotrypsin, esperase, neutrase, pepsin, promod 278, trypsin	- Induced cell death by blocking G2/M phase in mouse lymphoma cell line	Yi et al. (2003)
Ovalbumin	–	- Heat-denatured ovalbumin exhibited antimutagenic activity against MNNG in E. coli DNA repair system	Vis et al. (1998)

TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.