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. 2019 Dec 17;98(12):6505–6516. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez381

Table 3.

Egg proteins and peptides with immunomodulatory activity.

Protein Enzymes used for making peptides Mechanism of activity References
Ovalbumin Pepsin, chymotrypsin
  • -

    Stimulated TNF-α secretion

  • -

    Heat-denatured ovalbumin affected the production of cytokines

  • -

    Increased production of IL-12, IL-17, and IL-10 and decreased IL-4

  • -

    Peptides (OA 77–84, OA 126–134) increased in macrophage phagocytic activity

  • Fan et al. (2003)

  • Goldberg et al. (2003)

  • He et al. (2003)

  • Rupa et al. (2015)

  • Vidovic et al. (2002)
Ovotransferrin Thermolysin, pepsin
  • -

    Stimulated the production of IL-6, nitrite, and MMP

  • -

    Increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines via the MAPK pathway

  • -

    IRW inhibited TNF-α induced production of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 in endothelial cells

  • -

    IRW suppressed the translocation of p50 and p65 (related to the NF-κB pathway)

  • Huang et al. (2010)

  • Lee et al. (2018)

  • Majumder et al. (2013)

  • Xie et al. (2002)
Ovomucin Alcalase, pronase-papain
  • -

    Inhibited TNF-mediated NF-κB pathway

  • -

    Suppressed TNF-induced ICAM-1 expression

  • -

    Stimulated macrophage activity by increasing H2 O2 generation and IL-1 production

  • Sun et al. (2016)

  • Tanizaki et al. (1997)
Cystatin –
  • -

    Stimulated NO production in mouse peritoneal macrophages

  • -

    Induced the synthesis of TNF-α and IL-10

  • -

    Upregulated IL-6 and IL-8 production in gingival fibroblasts
Lysozyme –
  • -

    Stimulated production of immunoglobulin

  • -

    Enhanced translation of IgM

  • -

    Improved chronic sinusitis and bronchitis

  • -

    Lysozyme-galactomannan conjugate (LGC) increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production via JNK, ERK, and NF-κB pathway
Livetin Pepsin, alcalase - Suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines Meram and Wu (2017)
IgY – - Attenuated the increase in IFN-γ and TNF-α and the decrease in IL-10 in Salmonella Typhimurium infected mice model Li et al. (2016)
Phosvitin Trypsin
  • -

    Reduced LPS-induced TNF-α release from murine RAW 264.7 cells

  • -

    In the absence of LPS stimulation, increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokine and phagocytic activity of macrophages

  • -

    Inhibited TNF-α and LPS stimulated expression of IL-8, IL-12, and MCP-1 in HT-29 cells