NFkB activation analyzed by immunostaining NFkB (green), phalloidin (red), nuclei (blue) in Rat Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells treated with CCL5 (100ng/mL, 60 min). Lipopolysaccharides (500ng/mL, 60 min) was used as a positive control (A); IL1β, TNFα, VCAM, and ICAM gene expression from RASMC treated with CCL5 (100ng/mL, 60 min). Nox1 was inhibited by GKT771 (10uM). N=3–4. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). *P<0.05 vs vehicle.