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. 2022 Feb 25;13:855054. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.855054

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Copyright © 2022 Reho, Nakagawa, Mouradian, Grobe, Saravia, Burnett, Kwitek, Kirby, Segar, Hodges, Sigmund and Grobe.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gradient-layer direct calorimeter. Custom-fabricated gradient-layer direct calorimeter system partially manufactured by Heinz Poppendiek, PhD (Geoscience, Ltd). System is additionally interfaced with an O₂/CO₂ gas respirometry system to permit simultaneous measurement of gas exchange.