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. 2022 Feb 25;8:774623. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.774623

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Copyright © 2022 He, Liu, Liao, Liu, Lei, Wei, Ruan, Kunwar, Lu, Wang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CSE increased TIMP-1 level in cultured hPASMCs, and TIMP-1 decreased hPASMCs proliferation under CSE. (A) Western Blotting indicates 0.5% CSE treatment for 36 h increased TIMP-1 expression in hPASMCs. (B) TIMP-1 attenuated CSE-stimulated hPASMCs proliferation. CSE, Cigarette Smoking Extract; hPASMCs, human Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell, **P < 0.01 vs. Control group. TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, CSE “+,” with the treatment of CSE; CSE “−,” without treatment of CSE; TIMP-1 “+,” with the treatment of TIMP-1; TIMP-1 “−,” without treatment of TIMP-1; ^#P < 0.01 vs. GroupA, ^$P < 0.01 vs. Group B, *P < 0.05 vs. Group A, ⁺P < 0.05 vs. Group B, ^∧P < 0.01 vs. Group C, N = 6.