TABLE 1.
Summary of social and proposed art processing functions mediated by the social brain connectome.
| (A) Level 1: Perceptual analysis of art and expressions of creativity | ||
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| Social brain area | Social brain atlas functional profiles | Art processing functions |
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| Level 1 | Lower sensory network | Perception network |
| pSTS_R | 2(Cognition, Memory Working, Language Semantics and Speech); 1(Attention, Emotion, Music Comprehension/Production, Word Generation (Covert), Reward) | Evaluation of expressiveness of portraits |
| pSTS_L | 3(Memory Working); 2(Language Semantics); 1[Emotion, Language Speech, Music Comprehension/Production, Passive Listening, Reward, Word Generation (Covert)] | |
| FG_R | 2(Emotion); 1(Action Execution, Audition, Cognition, Language Semantics, Memory Explicit, Memory Working, Reward, Vision Shape, Visuospatial Attention) | (Naturally colored) Objects and faces representations in pictures |
| FG_L | 2(Language Semantics, Vision Shape); 1(Attention, Audition, Cognition, Emotion, Face Monitoring, Finger Tapping, Language Speech, Memory Explicit and Working, Passive Listening and Viewing, Reward) | (Naturally colored) Objects and faces representations in pictures |
| MTV5_R | 2(Emotion, Language Semantics); 1(Face Monitoring, Language Speech, Memory Explicit and Working, Music Comprehension/Production, Reward, Social Cognition, Vision Motion) | Implied motion perception in pictures |
| MTV5_L | 2(Language Semantics and Speech, Reward); 1(Action Execution, Attention, Cognition, Emotion, Emotion Induction, Memory Explicit and Working, Passive Listening, Vision Shape) | Implied motion perception in pictures |
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| (B) Level 2: Animating dynamics of art and creativity | ||
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| Social brain area | Social brain atlas functional profiles | Art processing functions |
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| Level 2 | Limbic network | Animation network |
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| vmPFC | 4(Emotion); 2(Memory Working); 1(Action Execution, Attention, Cognition, Imagined Objects/Scenes, Language Semantics, Passive Listening, Reasoning, Social Cognition) | (Naturally colored) Objects representations in pictures, personal reward value of art |
| rACC | 3(Emotion); 2(Memory Working, Reward); 1(Cognition, Face Monitoring, Fear, Language Semantics and Speech, Memory Explicit, Reasoning) | |
| NAC_R | 4(Emotion, Memory Working); 1(Language Semantics) | |
| NAC_L | 4(Emotion, Memory Working); 1(Cognition, Emotion Induction, Language Syntax, Reward) | |
| AM_R | 4(Emotion); 2(Language Speech, Reward); 1(Action Execution, Audition, Cognition, Face Monitoring, Finger Tapping, Memory Working) | Emotion induction by art, face representations in pictures |
| AM_L | 3(Memory Working); 1(Action Execution, Cued Explicit Recognition, Emotion, Face Monitoring, Finger Tapping, Language Semantics and Speech, Memory Explicit) | Emotion induction by art, face representations in pictures |
| HC_R | 3(Memory Working); 2[Cognition, Emotion, Language Semantics, Word Generation (Overt)]; 1(Face Monitoring, Imagined Objects/Scenes, Mental Rotation) | Naturally colored objects and landscape representations in pictures, visuospatial creative production |
| HC_L | 3(Emotion); 2(Face Monitoring, Language Semantics, Memory Working, Reward); 1(Cognition, Finger Tapping, Language Speech, Word Generation (Overt) | Naturally colored objects in pictures, personal resonance with art, visuospatial creative production |
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| (C) Level 3: Interactive significance of art and creativity | ||
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| Social brain area | Social brain atlas functional profiles | Art processing functions |
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| Level 3 | Intermediate network | Interaction network |
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| IFG_R | 2(Emotion); 1(Attention, Audition, Cognition, Face Monitoring, Language Semantics and Speech, Reward) | Visuospatial creative ability; increased connectivity with default mode network |
| IFG_L | 3(Emotion); 2(Language Semantics, Memory Explicit); 1(Attention, Audition, Face Monitoring, Finger Tapping, Language Speech, Memory Working, Passive Listening, Vision Shape) | Verbal creative ability; increased connectivity with default mode network |
| aMCC | 2(Cognition, Emotion, Reward); 1(Anxiety, Attention, Language Semantics and Speech, Memory Working) | Viewing pictures with unusually colored objects, critical evaluation of aesthetic experience and creative thoughts |
| AI_R | 3(Action Execution); 2(Attention, Memory Working, Reward); 1(Audition; Cognition, Emotion, Face Monitoring, Finger Tapping, Memory Explicit, Passive Listening) | Evaluation of Artwork Brightness and Aesthetic Value |
| AI_L | 2(Cognition, Language Semantics); 1(Action Execution and Inhibition, Audition, Emotion, Emotion Induction, Finger Tapping, Reasoning, Reward) | Evaluation of artwork brightness and aesthetic value, dynamic divergent/convergent creative thoughts switching |
| SMA_R | 2(Emotion); 1(Action Execution, Attention, Cognition, Face Monitoring, Memory Explicit and Working, Passive Listening, Reward) | Evaluation of artwork brightness and aesthetic value |
| SMA_L | 2(Action Execution, Memory Working); 1(Attention, Audition, Cognition, Emotion, Face Monitoring, Finger Tapping, Language Semantics, Memory Explicit, Passive Listening, Reward, Vision Shape) | Evaluation of artwork brightness and aesthetic value |
| pSTS_R | 2(Cognition, Memory Working, Language Semantics and Speech); 1(Attention, Emotion, Music Comprehension/Production, Word Generation (Covert), Reward) | Evaluation of expressiveness of portraits |
| pSTS_L | 3(Memory Working); 2(Language Semantics); 1[Emotion, Language Speech, Music Comprehension/Production, Passive Listening, Reward, Word Generation (Covert)] | |
| SMG_R | 2(Emotion, Language Semantics, Memory Working); 1(Action Execution, Action Imagination, Attention, Emotion Induction, Finger Tapping, Language Speech, Passive Viewing, Pitch Discrimination, Vision Shape, Word Generation (Covert) | |
| SMG_L | 2(Audition, Language Semantics); 1(Action Inhibition, Emotion, Memory Explicit and Working, Reward, Vision) | Thought generation for novel object uses |
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| (D) Level 4: Symbolic and personal meaning of art and creativity | ||
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| Social brain area | Social brain atlas functional profiles | Art processing functions |
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| Level 4 | High associative network (corresponds with default mode network) | Construction network |
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| mFP | 3(Emotion); 2(Happiness); 1[Face Monitoring, Fear, Language Semantics, Memory Working, Music Comprehension/Production, Sadness, Social Cognition, Word Generation (Covert)] | Authenticity evaluation of art |
| dmPFC | 3(Emotion); 2(Mental Rotation, Memory Working, Reward); 1(Action Execution, Cognition, Fear, Language Orthography, Music Comprehension/Production, Sadness, Social Cognition) | Personal resonance with art, creative thought generation, creative production |
| TP_R | 3(Reward); 2(Action Execution, Cognition, Emotion, Happiness, Reasoning, Social Cognition); 1(Attention, Audition, Emotion Induction, Face Monitoring, Language, Memory Working, Music Comprehension/Production, Vision Motion) | Conforming art evaluation and creative production to social norms and values |
| TP_L | 3(Emotion); 2(Audition, Cognition, Reward); 1(Action Execution and Observation, Attention, Happiness, Language Semantics, Mental Rotation, Music Comprehension/Production, Reasoning) | Conforming art evaluation and creative production to social norms and values |
| MTG_R | 3(Memory Working); 2[Emotion, Language Semantics, Music Comprehension/Production, Word Generation (Overt)]; 1[Action Inhibition, Cognition, Happiness, Language, Language Speech, Vision, Visuospatial Attention, Rewards, Social Cognition, Word Generation (Covert)] | Creative thought generation, creative production |
| MTG_L | 2(Emotion, Language Semantics); 1(Action Execution, Cognition, Language Orthography and Speech, Mental Rotation, Memory Working, Music Comprehension/Production, Social Cognition, Vision Shape) | Creative thought generation, creative production |
| pMCC | 3(Emotion, Memory Working); 1(Action Execution, Action Inhibition, Disgust, Fear, Language Semantics, Visuospatial Attention) | |
| TPJ_R | 2(Emotion); 1(Action Execution and Observation, Cognition, Language Semantics, Memory Working, Passive Listening, Reward, Social Cognition, Space) | Figurative representations in paintings |
| TPJ_L | 2(Emotion, Cognition, Language Semantics, Memory Working, Reward); 1(Language Speech, Memory Explicit, Music Comprehension/Production, Vision Motion, Visual Object Identification) | |
| PCC | 3(Memory Working); 2(Emotion, Cognition, Face Monitoring, Reward); 1(Language Semantics and Speech, Music Comprehension/Production) | Personal and symbolic meaning of art, creative thought generation, creative production |
| Prec | 2(Emotion, Memory Working, Reward); 1(Action Execution, Attention, Cognition, Language Semantics and Speech, Music Comprehension/Production, Sadness, Social Cognition, Space) | Visuospatial qualities of visual artworks, creative thought generation, creative production |
Terms for psychological processes in column 2 are derived from the Behavioral Domains of BrainMap. Participation of particular brain regions in different psychological processes has been quantified using reversed inference (Alcalá-López et al., 2017), based on the following likelihood ratios: 1() = 4–9.9; 2() = 10–19.9; 3() = 20–29.9; 4() = 30–38. BrainMap uses a structured standardized coding scheme to describe published human neuroimaging experimental results, with the goal to facilitate the development of software and tools to share neuroimaging results and enable meta-analysis of studies of human brain function and structure in healthy and diseased subjects. This might explain why the functional profiles of the Social Brain Atlas appear closely aligned with the syntax of programming languages and can at times strike as agrammatical English or at odds with common terminology used by clinicians to describe cognitive functions. Art processing functions have been attributed qualitatively. Social brain connectome abbreviations in alphabetical order: AI, Anterior insula; AM, Amygdala; aMCC, Anterior mid-cingulate cortex; Cereb Cerebellum; dmPFC, Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; FG, Fusiform gyrus; HC, Hippocampus; IFG, Inferior frontal gyrus; mFP, Medial frontal pole; MTG, Middle temporal gyrus; MT/V5, Middle temporal V5 area; NAC, Nucleus accumbens; PCC, Posterior Cingulate Cortex; pMCC, Posterior mid-cingulate cortex; Prec, Precuneus; pSTS, Posterior superior temporal sulcus; rACC, Rostral anterior cingulate cortex; SMA, Supplementary motor area; SMG, Supramarginal gyrus; TP, Temporal pole; TPJ, Temporo-parietal junction; vmPFC, Ventromedial prefrontal cortex. An extension with _L indicates “Left,” while an extension with _R indicates “Right.”